Methods for treating hepatitis c

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of using such compounds or compositions for treating infection by a virus, or for affecting viral IRES activity.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/653,450, filed Jan. 16, 2007, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/758,527, filed Jan. 13, 2006 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/921,483, filed Jan. 13, 2007 (converted on May 4, 2007 from U.S. application Ser. No. 11/653,435); and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/331,180, filed Jan. 13, 2006, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 11/180,961, filed Jul. 14, 2005 (having corresponding International Application No. PCT/US2005/024881, filed Jul. 14, 2005) which claims the benefit of each of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/587,487, filed Jul. 14, 2004, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/634,979, filed Dec. 13, 2004, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/645,586, filed Jan. 24, 2005, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/665,349, filed Mar. 28, 2005, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/675,440, filed Apr. 28, 2005; the entire contents of which applications are incorporated herein by reference.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

The present invention was made with U.S. Government support under DHHS Grant No. 5R44AI054029-03. The U.S. Government has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of using such compounds or compositions for treating infection by a virus, or for affecting viral IRES activity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

An estimated 170 million people worldwide are reported to be infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), the causative agent of hepatitis C. Seventy to eighty percent of HCV infections lead to chronic liver infection, which in turn may result in severe liver disease, including liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (115).

HCV constitutes the Hepacivirus genus of the family Flaviviridae (106), and contains a positive-stranded 9.6 kb RNA genome. The features of the HCV genome include a 5′-untranslated region (UTR) that encodes an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that directs the translation of a single long open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polyprotein of 3,010 amino acids. The HCV ORF is followed by a 3′-UTR of variable length, depending on the HCV variant, that encodes the sequences required for the initiation of antigenomic strand synthesis (79).

The HCV IRES and 3′-UTR both encode regions of RNA structures that are required for genome translation and replication. The HCV polyprotein is posttranslationally processed into at least 10 mature viral proteins, including the structural proteins core (putative nucleocapsid), E1 and E2 and the nonstructural (NS) proteins NS2 to NS5B.

Three distinct elements have been shown to be involved in HCV IRES-mediated translation: (1) integrity of the global structure of HCV IRES, (2) the 3′-terminal region of the HCV genome; and (3) trans-acting cellular factors that interact with the HCV IRES element and assist in translation initiation (35).

The initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells predominantly follows the 5′ cap-dependent, first AUG rule (61). However, an increasing number of viral (6, 12, 28, 31a, 50, 95, 97, 98, 105, 128) and cellular mRNAs (18, 39, 45, 78, 91, 130) have been shown to use an IRES element to direct translation initiation. In 1992, an IRES element was reported in the 5′ UTR of the HCV RNA genome (129), indicating that synthesis of the viral protein is initiated in a cap-independent fashion.

A bicistronic expression system can be used to define and evaluate the function of IRES elements. This test system harbors two different reporter genes in which the 5′-proximal reporter gene is expressed by a cap dependent translation mechanism while the second reporter is expressed only if an upstream sequence inserted in the intergenic space contains an IRES sequence element. Using this system, a putative IRES in the HCV 5′ UTR was unambiguously demonstrated to function as an IRES involved in translational control of viral proteins (133). In vitro translation, RNA transfection, and mutagenesis studies provided further evidence that the HCV 5′ UTR contains an IRES element (23, 41, 42, 108, 129, 132, 133, 134). Both in vitro and cell-based studies demonstrated that the HCV IRES guides cellular translation initiation factors to an internal site of the viral RNA (56, 58, 120), thus functionally demonstrating the HCV IRES activity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the HCV 5′-UTR contains an IRES element that plays an active and crucial role in the mechanism of internal initiation for HCV protein translation.

The IRES is one of the most conserved regions of the HCV genome, reflecting its essential nature for viral replication and protein synthesis (13, 118, 122). Although both 5′ and 3′ sequences of the IRES appear to play a role in the control of initiation of translation (42, 109, 110, 113, 136), the minimal sequence requirement for HCV IRES function has been mapped to a region between nucleotides 44-354 (40).

Biochemical probing and computer modeling indicate that the HCV IRES and its 5′ sequence is folded into a distinct structure that consists of four major domains and a pseudoknot (11, 42, 122). Domain I contains a small stem-loop structure that does not appear to be a functional part of the IRES element while domains II, III, and IV contain the HCV IRES activity (43, 111). The relationships between secondary and tertiary structures of the HCV IRES and their function have recently been established (5, 55, 56, 99, 124). Both domains II and III consist of multiple stems, loops, and bulges and are important for IRES activity (23, 40, 51, 52, 54, 56, 64, 74, 75, 93, 107, 108, 110, 124, 127, 131, 139, 141, 142). Domain II can induce conformational changes on the ribosome that have been implicated in the decoding process (124). Domain III has the highest degree of structural conservation among the different HCV strains. It comprises the core of the flavivirus IRES and has 6 subdomains (40). Various studies have shown that subdomain IIId forms complex secondary/tertiary structures and is critical for initiation activity (55, 56, 57, 124, 129). Domain IV has one stem-loop that spans the initiation codon and is specific for the HCV IRES (41, 122), but the precise role of domain IV in IRES activity remains controversial (41, 112).

The role of the HCV IRES is to position the translational machinery near an internal initiator codon in the viral mRNA. The translation initiation mechanism of the HCV and other viral IRES differs significantly from that of 5′-cap-dependent translation initiation (7, 21, 31, 35, 61, 71, 72, 81, 88, 96, 114, 123). Most cellular capped mRNAs utilize a number of initiation factors (eIFs) that are required for the translation initiation process. The initial steps of the process require proteins that interact with the 5′ cap structure and recruit the 40S ribosomal subunit to the cap-proximal region of mRNA. This complex then scans 3′ of the cap, until reaching an AUG codon at which translation will initiate (21, 114). However, in the case of HCV, the IRES functionally replaces the 5′ cap structure, allowing the 40S ribosomal subunit and eIF3 to bind directly to the RNA. Subdomain IIId of the HCV IRES harbors the binding site for the 40S ribosomal subunit and the only initiation factors required for translation initiation are eIF2, eIF3, and eIF4E (15, 58, 94, 100, 120, 124).

The polypyrimidine track-binding protein (PTB) and La autoantigen are noncanonical translation initiation factors that bind to and enhance HCV IRES activity (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 30, 48, 49, 53). PTB, a 57-kDa protein involved in RNA splicing, is also necessary for efficient IRES-mediated translation initiation of picornavirus mRNA, and some cellular mRNAs (10, 11, 36, 53, 59, 89, 92). The La autoantigen, a 52 kDa double-stranded RNA unwinding protein, also increases the activity of poliovirus and cellular IRES (38, 85, 86). Other cellular factors involved in HCV IRES-mediated translation initiation include proteasome α-subunit PSMA7 (62), ribosomal protein S5 (26), ribosomal protein S9 (24, 25, 100), and hnRNPL (33). However, the role of these RNA-binding proteins in HCV IRES-mediated initiation of translation is unclear. Recently, it was reported that the activity of interferon (IFN) α against HCV replication might target HCV IRES-mediated translation initiation by causing a reduction of La protein levels (117) Some HCV proteins, such as NS5A, core and NS4A/4B, also reported to be involved in the HCV IRES function (143-146). Thus, an inhibitor that blocks interaction between the IRES and the noncanonical factors might efficiently inhibit HCV replication and lack cytotoxicity.

Currently, only interferon (IFN) α and the nucleoside analogue ribavirin, in combination, are marketed for the treatment of HCV infection. However, these two agents are immunomodulators and have limited efficacy, relatively high toxicity, and high cost (80, 83, 84, 138). Although the treatment outcome is variable among the six major HCV genotypes, only about one-half of all treated patients respond to therapy, suggesting that the virus encodes protein products that may directly or indirectly attenuate the antiviral action of IFN. IFNs are naturally produced in response to virus infection, and cellular exposure to IFN leads to the induced expression of a variety of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), many of which have an antiviral function. ISG action can limit virus replication at multiple points within the replicative cycle.

There remains a need for an alternative means of treating patients afflicted with HCV. Specifically, a need exists for novel antiviral drugs, for example, that have no cross-resistance with existing treatment modalities, and which demonstrate synergy with other anti-HCV agents.

All documents referred to herein are incorporated by reference into the present application as though fully set forth herein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of using such compounds or compositions for treating infection by a virus, or for affecting viral IRES activity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 illustrates the HCV-PV chimera construct. The cloverleaf-like RNA structure of PV, an essential cis-acting replication signal ending with the genome-linked protein VPg, is located at the 5′ end of the genome. The solid (HCV) and open (PV) boxes depict open reading frames encoding viral polypeptides. The position of the HCV core fragment (the first 123 amino acids) gene is denoted by Δ Core. Overall, the HCV-specific sequence in the HCV-PV spans from nucleotides 18 to 710 (139).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A. Compounds of the Invention

One aspect of the invention relates to a compound of formula I

wherein:

X is:

-   -   hydrogen;     -   a nitro group;     -   a cyano group;     -   a —COR_(a) group, where R_(a) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or a             halogen, or         -   a dialkyl-amino;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;     -   a formyl group;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy; or     -   a 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one             or more halogen(s), or         -   a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;

Y is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   a halogen;     -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆         alkyl(s);     -   a benzofuran;     -   a benzothiophene;     -   a dibenzofuran;     -   a dibenzothiophene;     -   a benzothiazole;     -   a naphthalene;     -   an indole, optionally substituted on the nitrogen with a C₁ to         C₆ alkyl;

where R_(b) is a hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, and n is 0 or 1;

where R_(c) is a hydrogen, a —CONHR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or an —SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; or

where R_(d) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or a C₆ to C₈ aryl;

-   -   a —NHCOR_(e) group, where R_(e) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   an alkoxy,             -   a cyano group,             -   a nitro group, or             -   a halogen;     -   a —NHCOOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a —CH₂O—R_(f) group, where R_(f) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a —NR_(g)R_(h) group, where R_(g) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆         alkyl and R_(h) is hydrogen or a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally         substituted with an alkoxy;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a C₆ to C₈             aryl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with —COOR_(x),             where R_(x) is as defined above, or         -   an amino group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle optionally substituted with:         -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, or         -   a —NHCOOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the         following:         -   an alkoxy, optionally substituted with:             -   an alkoxy,             -   a hydroxy,             -   one or more halogen(s),             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted                 with:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or                 -   a hydroxy,             -   an amino group optionally substituted with one or more                 C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a —NR_(i)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above                 and R_(i) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a haloalkyl, or                 -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —NR_(j)COR_(k) group, where R_(k) is:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a hydrogen, or                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s), and R_(j) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a haloalkyl, or                 -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —N═N⁺═N⁻ group, or             -   a —COR_(l), where R_(l) is a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle                 optionally substituted with a hydroxy,         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s),         -   a nitro group,         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with:             -   a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, or             -   a —NR_(x)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined                 above,         -   a haloalkoxy,         -   a halogen,         -   a hydroxy,         -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a —COR_(m) group, where R_(m) is:             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s), where the one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s)                 is/are optionally substituted with:                 -   a hydroxy                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),                 -   an alkoxy,             -   a 3 to 7 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted                 with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a                 dialkyl-amino,             -   a —NHR_(n) group, where R_(n) is:                 -   a —CH₂CONH₂, or                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:                 -    an alkyl,                 -    one or more halogen(s),                 -    a nitro group, or                 -    one or more alkoxy(s),         -   a —NR_(o)COR_(p) group, where R_(p) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   an alkoxy, or                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with a halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with                 one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a hydrogen,

-   -   -   and where R_(o) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl, or             -   a haloalkoxy,         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a haloalkyl,             -   a haloalkoxy, or             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   and where R_(r) is:             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:

-   -   -   -   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a —OR_(s) group, where R_(s) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or                 -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

            -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more                 of the following:                 -   a halogen,                 -   an alkylene,                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, and/or                 -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

            -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

        -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with a C₁ to                     C₆ alkyl or an alkoxy,                 -   an alkylene,                 -   an alkoxy,                 -   an alkyne,                 -   a halogen, or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with:                 -   an alkoxy,                 -   a halogen, or                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,

        -   and R_(t) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl, or             -   a haloalkoxy,

        -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a hydroxy, or                 -   an alkoxy,

        -   and where R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene,             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with a                 halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted                 with:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or

optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, where R_(y) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or hydrogen,

-   -   where R_(z) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally         substituted with a C₆ to C₈ aryl,         -   a —SR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a —SO₂R_(aa) group, where R_(aa) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   an amino group,             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino group optionally substituted                 with a hydroxy or a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as                 defined above,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, and/or         -   a —NHR_(bb) group, where R_(bb) is:

-   -   -   -   a —C(═S)NH₂ group, or             -   a —PO(OR_(x))₂ group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

-   -   group, where R_(cc) is:         -   a naphthalene,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,

-   -   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of             the following:             -   an alkoxy,             -   a hydroxy,             -   a halogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a cyano                 group,             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyls,             -   a —NHPOR_(x)R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a —NR_(ee)CONR_(ff)R_(ff) group, where R_(ee) is a                 hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted                 with a halogen, and R_(ff) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or                 -   a —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a —NR_(gg)COR_(hh) group, where R_(hh) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -    an alkoxy,                 -    a halogen, or                 -    an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyls,                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyls, where the alkyls are optionally                     substituted with a halogen,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,             -   and R_(gg) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy, or                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl,             -   5 or 6 membered heterocycle groups,             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyls, and/or             -   a —NR_(ii)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined                 above, and R_(ii) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

Z is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:         -   an alkoxy,         -   one or more halogen(s), or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one or         more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s);     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or

R is a hydrogen, a halogen or an alkoxy;

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   a hydroxy;     -   a halogen;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   a nitro group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   an alkoxy optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy;     -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with a dialkyl-amino or         a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;         or         R₁ joins together with R₂ to form:

R₂ is:

-   -   a nitro group;     -   a hydrogen;     -   a halogen;     -   a hydroxy group;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with one or more         halogen(s);     -   an amino group;     -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   an —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with an alkoxy,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted             with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl group;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   an amide group optionally substituted with:         -   a hydroxy group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a —NHCOR_(jj) group, where R_(jj) is:         -   an alkoxy, or         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s);     -   a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or         R₂ joins together with R₁ to form:

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen; or     -   —CH₂OCOR_(x), and R_(x) is as defined above;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments of formula I,

X is:

-   -   a nitro group;     -   a cyano group;     -   a —COR_(a) group, where R_(a) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or a             halogen, or         -   a dialkyl-amino;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;     -   a formyl group;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy; or     -   a 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one             or more halogen(s), or         -   a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;

Y is:

-   -   a haloalkyl;     -   a halogen;     -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆         alkyl(s);     -   a benzofuran;     -   a benzothiophene;     -   a dibenzofuran;     -   a dibenzothiophene;     -   a benzothiazole;     -   a naphthalene;     -   an indole, optionally substituted on the nitrogen with a C₁ to         C₆ alkyl;

where R_(b) is a hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, and n is 0 or 1;

where R_(c) is a hydrogen, a —CONHR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or an —SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above;

where R_(d) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or a C₆ to C₈ aryl;

-   -   a —NHCOR_(e) group, where R_(e) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   an alkoxy,             -   a cyano group,             -   a nitro group, or             -   a halogen;     -   a —NHCOOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a —CH₂O—R_(f) group, where R_(f) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a —NR_(g)R_(h) group, where R_(g) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or a         hydrogen and R_(h) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted         with an alkoxy;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a C₆ to C₈             aryl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with —COOR_(x),             where R_(x) is as defined above, or         -   an amino group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle optionally substituted with:         -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, or         -   a —NHCOOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the         following:         -   an alkoxy, optionally substituted with:             -   an alkoxy,             -   a hydroxy,             -   one or more halogen(s),             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted                 with:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or                 -   a hydroxy,             -   an amino group optionally substituted with one or more                 C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a —NR_(i)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above                 and R_(i) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a haloalkyl, or                 -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —NR_(j)COR_(k) group, where R_(k) is:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a hydrogen, or                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   and R_(j) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a haloalkyl, or                 -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —N═N⁺═N⁻ group, or             -   a —COR_(l), where R_(l) is a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle                 optionally substituted with a hydroxy,         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s),         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with:             -   a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, or             -   a —NR_(x)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined                 above,         -   a haloalkoxy,         -   a halogen,         -   a hydroxy,         -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a —COR_(m) group, where R_(m) is:             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s), where the one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s)                 is/are optionally substituted with:                 -   a hydroxy                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),                 -   an alkoxy,             -   a 3 to 7 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted                 with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a                 dialkyl-amino,             -   a —NHR_(n) group, where R_(n) is:                 -   a —CH₂CONH₂, or                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:                 -    an alkyl,                 -    one or more halogen(s),                 -    a nitro group, or                 -    one or more alkoxy(s),         -   a —NR_(o)COR_(p) group, where R_(p) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   an alkoxy, or                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with a halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with                 one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a hydrogen,

-   -   -   and where R_(o) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl, or             -   a haloalkoxy,         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a haloalkyl,             -   a haloalkoxy, or             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   and where R_(r) is:             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:

-   -   -   -   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a —OR_(S) group, where R_(s) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or                 -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

            -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more                 of the following:                 -   a halogen,                 -   an alkylene,                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, and/or                 -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

            -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

        -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with a C₁ to                     C₆ alkyl or an alkoxy,                 -   an alkylene,                 -   an alkoxy,                 -   an alkyne,                 -   a halogen, or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with:                 -   an alkoxy,                 -   a halogen, or                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,

        -   and R_(t) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl, or             -   a haloalkoxy,

        -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a hydroxy, or                 -   an alkoxy,

        -   and where R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene,             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with a                 halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted                 with:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or

optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, where R_(y) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or hydrogen,

-   -   where R_(z) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally         substituted with a C₆ to C₈ aryl,         -   a —SR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a —SO₂R_(aa) group, where R_(aa) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   an amino group,             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino group optionally substituted                 with a hydroxy or a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as                 defined above,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, and/or         -   a —NHR_(bb) group, where R_(bb) is:

-   -   -   -   a —C(═S)NH₂ group, or             -   a —PO(OR_(x))₂ group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

-   -   group, where R_(cc) is:         -   a naphthalene,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,

-   -   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of             the following:             -   an alkoxy,             -   a hydroxy,             -   a halogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a cyano                 group,             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a —NHPOR_(x)R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a —NR_(ee)CONR_(ff)R_(ff) group, where R_(ee) is a                 hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted                 with a halogen, and R_(ff) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or                 -   a —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a —NR_(gg)COR_(hh) group, where R_(hh) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -    an alkoxy,                 -    a halogen, or                 -    an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s), where the one or more C₁ to C₆                     alkyl(s) is/are optionally substituted with a                     halogen,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,             -   and R_(gg) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy, or                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl,             -   5 or 6 membered heterocycle groups,             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s), and/or             -   a —NR_(ii)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined                 above, and R_(ii) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:         -   an alkoxy,         -   one or more halogen(s), or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one or         more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s);     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or

R is a hydrogen, a halogen or an alkoxy;

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   a hydroxy;     -   a halogen;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   a nitro group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   an alkoxy optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy;     -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with a dialkyl-amino or         a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle; or         R₁ joins together with R₂ to form:

R₂ is:

-   -   a nitro group;     -   a hydrogen;     -   a halogen;     -   a hydroxy group;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with one or more         halogen(s);     -   an amino group;     -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   an —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with an alkoxy,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted             with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl group;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   an amide group optionally substituted with:         -   a hydroxy group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a —NHCOR_(jj) group, where R_(jj) is:         -   an alkoxy, or         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s);     -   a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or         R₂ joins together with R₁ to form:

and

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen; or —CH₂OCOR_(x), and R_(x) is as defined above;         provided that when X is phenyl substituted with alkoxy, Y is         phenyl, R is hydrogen, R₁ is a halogen, R₂ is hydrogen, and R₃         is hydrogen, and         provided that when X is phenyl, hydroxyphenyl or pyridyl, Y is         alkyl, R is hydrogen, R₁ is hydrogen or hydroxy, R₂ is hydrogen         or hydroxy, and R₃ is hydrogen,         then Z is:     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl substituted with:         -   an alkoxy,         -   one or more halogen(s), or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one or         more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s);     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or

or or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, X is a nitro group or a cyano group. In other embodiments, X is a cyano group.

In some embodiments, Y is a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the following:

-   -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆         alkyl(s),     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with a         —NHSO₂R_(x) group,     -   a —NR_(o)COR_(p) group, where R_(p) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:             -   a halogen, or             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,

and where R_(o) is a hydrogen,

-   -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is:         -   a hydrogen, or         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,     -   and where R_(r) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with         one or more of the following:         -   a halogen,         -   an alkylene, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl,     -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(u) is:         -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted with:             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆                 alkyl or an alkoxy,             -   an alkylene,             -   an alkoxy,             -   an alkyne,             -   a halogen, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with an alkoxy,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,     -   and where R_(t) is:         -   a hydrogen, or         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,     -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is a hydrogen,     -   and where R_(w) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with         a halogen;

where R_(z) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, and/or

-   -   a —NHR_(bb) group, where R_(bb) is a —PO(OR_(x))₂ group.

In further embodiments, Y is a C₆ to C₈ aryl substituted with:

-   -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group,     -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group,         -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, or     -   a —NHR_(bb) group, where R_(bb) is -a —PO(OR_(x))₂ group.

The C₆ to C₈ aryl may be substituted at the para, meta and/or ortho position(s). In some embodiments, the C₆ to C₈ aryl is phenyl. In other embodiments, the C₆ to C₈ aryl is phenyl substituted at the para position.

In some embodiments, Y is phenyl substituted with a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group at the para position. In other embodiments, Y is phenyl substituted with a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group at the para position. In yet other embodiments, Y is phenyl substituted with a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group at the para position. In yet other embodiments, Y is phenyl substituted with a —NHPO(OR_(x))₂ group at the para position.

In some embodiments, Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with         -   an alkoxy, or         -   one or more halogen(s), or     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene.

In other embodiments, Z is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, Z is a C₂ to C₅ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, Z is cyclobutyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, ethyl or cyclopentyl.

In some embodiments, R is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl group, or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle; or

R₁ joins together with R₂ to form:

In some embodiments, R₂ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   a halogen;     -   a hydroxy group;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with one or more         halogen(s);     -   an amino group;     -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   an —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with an alkoxy,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted             with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl group;     -   a —COOR_(x) group; or         R₂ joins together with R₁ to form:

In other embodiments, at least one of R₁ and R₂ is a hydroxy group or an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:

-   -   one or more halogen(s),     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl group, or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group; or

R₂ is a —OCOR_(x) group, a —OR_(kk) group, or an alkoxy group substituted with:

-   -   an —OCOR_(x) group,     -   a dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with an alkoxy,     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group substituted with a C₁ to C₆         alkyl; or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group.

In yet other embodiments, R₂ is a —OR_(kk) group or an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:

-   -   a dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with an alkoxy,     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted with         a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group.

In yet further embodiments, R₂ is a C₁ to C₆ alkoxy group optionally substituted with:

-   -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted with         a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group.

In some embodiments, R₃ is a hydrogen.

In some embodiments,

X is a cyano group; Y is a C₆ to C₈ aryl substituted with:

-   -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group,     -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group,     -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, or     -   a —NHPO(OR_(x))₂ group;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with         -   an alkoxy, or         -   one or more halogen(s), or     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene;         R is hydrogen;         at least one of R₁ and R₂ is a hydroxy group or an alkoxy group         optionally substituted with:     -   one or more halogen(s),     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl group, or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group; or         R₂ is a —OCOR_(x) group, a —OR_(kk) group, or an alkoxy group         substituted with:     -   an —OCOR_(x) group,     -   a dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with an alkoxy,     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group substituted with a C₁ to C₆         alkyl; or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group; and         R₃ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, Y is a phenyl substituted with a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group. In further embodiments, R_(t) is a hydrogen, and R_(u) is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more         groups independently selected from the following:         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with halogen,         -   an alcoxy group optionally substituted with one or more             alkoxy groups,         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl,         -   halogen, or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene,     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with halogen.         In yet further embodiments, R_(u) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, Y is a phenyl substituted with a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group. In further embodiments, R_(q) is a hydrogen and R_(r) is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more of the         following:         -   a hydroxy,         -   an alkoxy,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with a halogen,         -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene group,         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkoxy group,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group.             In yet further embodiments, R_(r) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, Y is phenyl substituted with a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group. In further embodiments, R_(v) is a hydrogen, and where R_(w) is -a C₁ to C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, Y is phenyl substituted with a —NHPO(OR_(x))₂ group.

In some embodiments,

Y is a phenyl substituted at the para position with:

-   -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group,     -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group,     -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, or     -   a —NHPO(OR_(x))₂ group;         Z is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; and         R₂ is an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted with         a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula I is not Compound 1.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention includes compounds of the following:

1. A compound of formula I

wherein:

X is:

-   -   a nitro group;     -   a cyano group;     -   a —COR_(a) group, where R_(a) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or a             halogen, or         -   a dialkyl-amino;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;     -   a formyl group;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy; or     -   a 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one             or more halogen(s), or         -   a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;

Y is:

-   -   a haloalkyl;     -   a halogen;     -   a benzofuran;     -   a benzothiophene;     -   a dibenzofuran;     -   a dibenzothiophene;     -   a benzothiazole;     -   a naphthalene;     -   an indole, optionally substituted on the nitrogen with a C₁ to         C₆ alkyl;

where R_(b) is a hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, and n is 0 or 1;

where R_(c) is a hydrogen, a —CONHR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or an —SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; or

where R_(d) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or a C₆ to C₈ aryl;

-   -   a —NHCOR_(e) group, where R_(e) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   an alkoxy,             -   a cyano group,             -   a nitro group, or             -   a halogen;     -   a —NHCOOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a —CH₂O—R_(f) group, where R_(f) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a —NR_(g)R_(h) group, where R_(g) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆         alkyl and R_(h) is hydrogen or a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally         substituted with an alkoxy;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a C₆ to C₈             aryl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with —COOR_(x),             where R_(x) is as defined above, or         -   an amino group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle optionally substituted with:         -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, or         -   a —NHCOOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the         following:         -   an alkoxy, optionally substituted with:             -   an alkoxy,             -   a hydroxy,             -   one or more halogen(s),             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted                 with:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or                 -   a hydroxy,             -   an amino group optionally substituted with one or more                 C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a —NR_(i)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above                 and R_(i) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a haloalkyl, or                 -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —NR_(j)COR_(k) group, where R_(k) is:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a hydrogen, or                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   and R_(j) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a haloalkyl, or                 -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —N═N⁺═N⁻ group, or             -   a —COR_(l), where R_(l) is a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle                 optionally substituted with a hydroxy,         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s),         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with:             -   a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, or             -   a —NR_(x)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined                 above,         -   a haloalkoxy,         -   a halogen,         -   a hydroxy,         -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a —COR_(m) group, where R_(m) is:             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s), where the one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s)                 is/are optionally substituted with:                 -   a hydroxy                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),                 -   an alkoxy,             -   a 3 to 7 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted                 with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a                 dialkyl-amino,             -   a —NHR_(n) group, where R_(n) is:                 -   a —CH₂CONH₂, or                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:                 -    an alkyl,                 -    one or more halogen(s),                 -    a nitro group, or                 -    one or more alkoxy(s),         -   a —NR_(o)COR_(p) group, where R_(p) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   an alkoxy, or                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with a halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with                 one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a hydrogen,

-   -   -   and where R_(o) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl, or             -   a haloalkoxy,         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a haloalkyl,             -   a haloalkoxy, or             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   and where R_(r) is:             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:

-   -   -   -   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a —OR_(S) group, where R_(s) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or                 -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

            -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more                 of the following:                 -   a halogen,                 -   an alkylene,                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, and/or                 -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

            -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

        -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with a C₁ to                     C₆ alkyl or an alkoxy,                 -   an alkylene,                 -   an alkoxy,                 -   an alkyne,                 -   a halogen, or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with:                 -   an alkoxy,                 -   a halogen, or                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,

        -   and R_(t) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl, or             -   a haloalkoxy,

        -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a hydroxy, or                 -   an alkoxy,

        -   and where R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene,             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with a                 halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted                 with:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or

optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, where R_(y) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or hydrogen,

-   -   where R_(z) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally         substituted with a C₆ to C₈ aryl,         -   a —SR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a —SO₂R_(aa) group, where R_(aa) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   an amino group,             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino group optionally substituted                 with a hydroxy or a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as                 defined above,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, and/or         -   a —NHR_(bb) group, where R_(bb) is:

-   -   -   -   a —C(═S)NH₂ group, or             -   a —PO(OR_(x))₂ group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

-   -   group, where R_(cc) is:         -   a naphthalene,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,

-   -   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of             the following:             -   an alkoxy,             -   a hydroxy,             -   a halogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a cyano                 group,             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a —NHPOR_(x)R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a —NR_(ee)CONR_(ff)R_(ff) group, where R_(ee) is a                 hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted                 with a halogen, and R_(ff) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or                 -   a —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a —NR_(gg)COR_(hh) group, where R_(hh) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -    an alkoxy,                 -    a halogen, or                 -    an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s),             -   where the one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s) is/are                 optionally substituted with a halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,         -   and R_(gg) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a haloalkyl,             -   a haloalkoxy, or             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a haloalkyl,         -   5 or 6 membered heterocycle groups,         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s), and/or         -   a —NR_(ii)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             and R_(ii) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a haloalkyl,             -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:         -   an alkoxy,         -   one or more halogen(s), or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one or         more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s);     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or

R is a hydrogen, a halogen or an alkoxy;

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   a hydroxy;     -   a halogen;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   a nitro group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   an alkoxy optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy;     -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with a dialkyl-amino or         a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle; or         R₁ joins together with R₂ to form:

R₂ is:

-   -   a nitro group;     -   a hydrogen;     -   a halogen;     -   a hydroxy group;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with one or more         halogen(s);     -   an amino group;     -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   an —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with an alkoxy,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted             with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl group;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   an amide group optionally substituted with:         -   a hydroxy group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a —NHCOR_(jj) group, where R_(jj) is:         -   an alkoxy, or         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s);     -   a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or         R₂ joins together with R₁ to form:

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen; or     -   —CH₂OCOR_(x), and R_(x) is as defined above;         provided that when X is phenyl substituted with alkoxy, Y is         phenyl, R is hydrogen, R₁ is a halogen, R₂ is hydrogen, and R₃         is hydrogen, and         provided that when X is phenyl, hydroxyphenyl or pyridyl, Y is         alkyl, R is hydrogen, R₁ is hydrogen or hydroxy, R₂ is hydrogen         or hydroxy, and R₃ is hydrogen,         then Z is:     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl substituted with:         -   an alkoxy,         -   one or more halogen(s), or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one or         more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s);     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or

or or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

2. The compound of embodiment 1, wherein X is a nitro group or a cyano group.

3. The compound of embodiment 1, wherein X is a cyano group.

4. The compound of embodiment 1, wherein:

Y is a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the following:

-   -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆         alkyl(s),     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with a         —NHSO₂R_(x) group,     -   a —NR_(o)COR_(p) group, where R_(p) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:             -   a halogen, or             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,

and where R_(o) is a hydrogen,

-   -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is:         -   a hydrogen, or         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,     -   and where R_(r) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with         one or more of the following:         -   a halogen,         -   an alkylene, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl,     -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(u) is:         -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted with:             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆                 alkyl or an alkoxy,             -   an alkylene,             -   an alkoxy,             -   an alkyne,             -   a halogen, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with an alkoxy,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,     -   and where R_(t) is:         -   a hydrogen, or         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,     -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is a hydrogen,     -   and where R_(w) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with         a halogen;

where R_(z) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, and/or

-   -   a —NHR_(bb) group, where R_(bb) is a —PO(OR_(x))₂ group.

5. The compound of embodiment 4, wherein Y is a C₆ to C₈ aryl substituted with:

-   -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group,     -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group,     -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, or     -   a —NHR_(bb) group, where R_(bb) is -a —PO(OR_(x))₂ group.

6. The compound of embodiment 5, wherein the C₆ to C₈ aryl is phenyl.

7. The compound of embodiment 6, wherein the phenyl is substituted at the para position.

8. The compound of embodiment 7, wherein Y is phenyl substituted with a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group at the para position.

9. The compound of embodiment 7, wherein Y is phenyl substituted with a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group at the para position.

10. The compound of embodiment 7, wherein Y is phenyl substituted with a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group at the para position.

11. The compound of embodiment 7, wherein Y is phenyl substituted with a —NHPO(OR_(x))₂ group at the para position.

12. The compound of embodiment 1, wherein Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with         -   an alkoxy, or         -   one or more halogen(s), or     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene.

13. The compound of embodiment 1, wherein Z is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl.

14. The compound of embodiment 13, wherein Z is a -a C₂ to C₅ alkyl.

15. The compound of embodiment 14, wherein Z is cyclobutyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, ethyl or cyclopentyl.

16. The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R is hydrogen.

17. The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R1 is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl group, or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle; or             R₁ joins together with R₂ to form:

18. The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R₂ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   a halogen;     -   a hydroxy group;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with one or more         halogen(s);     -   an amino group;     -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   an —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with an alkoxy,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted             with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl group;     -   a —COOR_(x) group; or         R₂ joins together with R₁ to form:

19. The compound of embodiment 1, wherein:

at least one of R₁ and R₂ is a hydroxy group or an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:

-   -   one or more halogen(s),     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl group, or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group; or

R₂ is a —OCOR_(x) group, a —OR_(kk) group, or an alkoxy group substituted with:

-   -   an —OCOR_(x) group,     -   a dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with an alkoxy,     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group substituted with a C₁ to C₆         alkyl; or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group.

20. The compound of embodiment 19, wherein R₂ is an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:

-   -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted with         a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group.

21. The compound of embodiment 20, wherein R₂ is a C₁ to C₆ alkoxy group optionally substituted with:

-   -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted with         a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group.

22. The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R₃ is a hydrogen.

23. The compound of embodiment 1, wherein:

X is a cyano group; Y is a C₆ to C₈ aryl substituted with:

-   -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group,     -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group,     -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, or     -   a —NHPO(OR_(x))₂ group;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with         -   an alkoxy, or         -   one or more halogen(s), or     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene;         R is hydrogen;         at least one of R₁ and R₂ is a hydroxy group or an alkoxy group         optionally substituted with:     -   one or more halogen(s),     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl group, or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group; or         R₂ is a —OCOR_(x) group, a —OR_(kk) group, or an alkoxy group         substituted with:     -   an —OCOR_(x) group,     -   a dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with an alkoxy,     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group substituted with a C₁ to C₆         alkyl; or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group; and         R₃ is hydrogen.

24. The compound of embodiment 23, wherein Y is a phenyl substituted with a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group.

25. The compound of embodiment 24, wherein:

Z is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; and R₂ is an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:

-   -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted with         a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group.

26. The compound of embodiment 23, wherein Y is a phenyl substituted with a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group.

27. The compound of embodiment 26, wherein:

Z is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; and R₂ is an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:

-   -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted with         a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group.

28. The compound of embodiment 23, wherein Y is a phenyl substituted with a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group.

29. The compound of embodiment 28, wherein:

Z is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; and R₂ is an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:

-   -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted with         a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group.

30. The compound of embodiment 23, wherein Y is -a —NHPO(OR_(x))₂ group.

31. The compound of embodiment 30, wherein:

Z is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; and R₂ is an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:

-   -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted with         a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group.

32. The compound of embodiment 1, wherein:

X is:

-   -   a cyano group; or     -   a formyl group;

Y is:

-   -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with a C₆         to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with —COOR_(x), where R_(x)         is as defined above;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the         following:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group;         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s);         -   a halogen;         -   a hydroxy;         -   a —COR_(m) group, where R_(m) is:             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s);         -   a —NR_(o)COR_(p) group, where R_(p) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with an alkoxy;         -   and where R_(o) is:             -   a hydrogen;         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is hydrogen and             where R_(r) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(t) is hydrogen, and where             R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;                 -   a halogen; or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;         -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is hydrogen and where             R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; or             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino;

-   -   -   -   where R_(z) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;

        -   a —SO₂R_(aa) group, where R_(aa) is:             -   an amino group; or             -   an alkyl or dialkyl amino group;

        -   a —NHR_(bb) group, where R_(bb) is:             -   a —PO(OR_(x))₂ group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alky; or     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;         R is a hydrogen,

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   an alkoxy optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s); or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;

R₂ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   a hydroxy group;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with one or more         halogen(s);     -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s);         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted             with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   an amide group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl; or     -   a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;         R₃ is a hydrogen.

33. The compound of embodiment 32, wherein:

X is a cyano group;

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl substituted with one or more of the following:         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s);         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is hydrogen and             where R_(r) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(t) is hydrogen, and where             R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;         -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is hydrogen and where             R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;                 Z is a C₁ to C₆ alky;                 R is a hydrogen,                 R₁ is a hydrogen;

R₂ is:

-   -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s);         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted             with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group; or             R₃ is a hydrogen.

34. The compound of embodiment 32, wherein:

X is a cyano group;

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl substituted with one or more of the following:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group;         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s);         -   a halogen;         -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(t) is hydrogen, and where             R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl;         -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is hydrogen and where             R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; or             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino;                 Z is a C₁ to C₆ alky;                 R is a hydrogen;                 R₁ is -a hydrogen;                 R₂ is a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6                 membered heteroaryl;                 R₃ is a hydrogen.

35. The compound of embodiment 32, wherein:

X is:

-   -   a cyano group;

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl substituted with one or more of the following:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a halogen;         -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(t) is hydrogen, and where             R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl;         -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is hydrogen and where             R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; or             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino; or         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is hydrogen and             where R_(r) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;

R is:

-   -   a hydrogen,

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₂ is:

-   -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s);     -   an amide;     -   a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;         or     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen.

36. The compound of embodiment 35, wherein:

X is:

-   -   a cyano group;

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl substituted with one or more of the following:         -   a halogen;         -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(t) is hydrogen, and where             R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl; or         -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is hydrogen and where             R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;

R is:

-   -   a hydrogen,

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₂ is:

-   -   a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen.

37. The compound of embodiment 36, wherein the C₆ to C₈ aryl is phenyl.

38. The compound of embodiment 37, wherein the phenyl is substituted at the para position.

39. The compound of embodiment 38, wherein:

Y is:

-   -   a phenyl substituted with a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(t)         is hydrogen, and where R_(u) is: a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl.

40. The compound of embodiment 38, wherein:

Y is:

-   -   a phenyl substituted with a halogen and a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group,         where R_(t) is hydrogen, and where R_(u) is C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl.

41. The compound of embodiment 38, wherein:

Y is:

-   -   a phenyl substituted with a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v)         is hydrogen and where R_(w) is C₁ to C₆ alkyl.

42. The compound of embodiment 38, wherein:

Y is:

-   -   a phenyl substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl and a —NR_(t)COOR_(u)         group, where R_(t) is hydrogen, and where R_(u) is: a C₁ to C₁₂         alkyl.

43. The compound of embodiment 35, wherein:

X is:

-   -   a cyano group;

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl substituted with —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where         R_(t) is hydrogen, and where R_(u) is a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl.

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;

R is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₂ is:

-   -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s);

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen.

44. The compound of embodiment 35, wherein R₂ is: an alkoxy group substituted with one or more halogens.

45. The compound of embodiment 43, wherein the C₆ to C₈ aryl is phenyl.

46. The compound of embodiment 45, wherein the phenyl is substituted at the para position.

47. The compound of embodiment 35, wherein:

X is:

-   -   a cyano group;

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl substituted with one or more of the following:         -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(t) is hydrogen, and where             R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl;         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is hydrogen and             where R_(r) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;

R is:

-   -   a hydrogen,

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₂ is:

-   -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen.

48. The compound of embodiment 47, wherein the C₆ to C₈ aryl is phenyl.

49. The compound of embodiment 48, wherein the phenyl is substituted at the para position.

50. The compound of embodiment 49, wherein:

Y is:

-   -   a phenyl substituted with a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(t)         is hydrogen, and where R_(u) is: a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl.

51. The compound of embodiment 49, wherein:

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl substituted with -a NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group,         where R_(q) is hydrogen and where R_(r) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl.

52. The compound of embodiment 35, wherein:

X is:

-   -   a cyano group;

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl substituted with a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where         R_(t) is hydrogen, and where R_(u) is a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;

R is:

-   -   a hydrogen,

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₂ is:

-   -   a amide;

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen.

53. The compound of embodiment 52, wherein the C₆ to C₈ aryl is phenyl.

54. The compound of embodiment 53, wherein the phenyl is substituted at the para position.

55. The compound of embodiment 35, wherein R₂ is: an alkoxy group substituted with one or more halogen(s).

56. The compound of embodiment 35, wherein R₂ is: a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a to 6 membered heteroaryl.

57. The compound of embodiment 32, wherein

X is:

-   -   a formyl group;

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl substituted with one or more of the following:         -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(t) is hydrogen, and where             R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl;         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is hydrogen and             where R_(r) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alky;

R is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₂ is:

-   -   an alkoxy group;

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen.

58. The compound of embodiment 32, wherein:

X is:

-   -   a cyano group;

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl substituted with one or more of the following:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group;         -   a halogen;         -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(t) is hydrogen, and where             R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C_(1e) alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;         -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is hydrogen and where             R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; or             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alky;

R is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₂ is:

-   -   an alkoxy group substituted with one or more halogen(s);

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen.

59. The compound of embodiment 32, wherein:

X is:

-   -   a cyano group;

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the         following:         -   a —NR_(o)COR_(p) group, where R_(p) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with an alkoxy;         -   and where R_(o) is:             -   a hydrogen;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alky;

R is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₂ is:

-   -   an alkoxy group substituted with a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl         group;

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen.

60. The compound of embodiment 32, wherein:

X is:

-   -   a cyano group;

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the         following:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group;         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s);         -   a halogen;         -   a —NR_(o)COR_(p) group, where R_(p) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   and where R_(o) is:             -   a hydrogen;         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is hydrogen and             where R_(r) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(t) is hydrogen, and where             R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl;         -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is hydrogen and where             R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a —NHR_(bb) group, where R_(bb) is:             -   a —PO(OR_(x))₂ group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alky;

R is:

-   -   a hydrogen,

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₂ is:

-   -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen.

61. The compound of embodiment 32, wherein:

X is:

-   -   a cyano group;

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the         following:         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s);         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is hydrogen and             where R_(r) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(t) is hydrogen, and where             R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl; or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;         -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is hydrogen and where             R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;

-   -   -   -   where R_(z) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alky;

R is:

-   -   a hydrogen,

R₁ is:

-   -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   an alkoxy substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s); or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;

R₂ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen.

62. The compound of embodiment 61, wherein R₁ is a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle.

63. The compound of embodiment 61, wherein R₁ is an alkoxy substituted with one or more halogen.

64. The compound of embodiment 61, wherein:

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl substituted with:         -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(t) is hydrogen, and where             R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl; or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;

R₁ is:

-   -   an alkoxy substituted with one or more halogen.

65. A compound of formula IIIa

wherein:

X is:

-   -   hydrogen;

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the         following:         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is hydrogen and             where R_(r) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(t) is hydrogen, and where             R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C_(1e) alkyl;         -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is hydrogen and where             R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alky;

R is:

-   -   a hydrogen,

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₂ is:

-   -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s); or     -   a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen.

66. The compound of embodiment 65, wherein:

X is:

-   -   hydrogen;

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl substituted with a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where         R_(t) is hydrogen, and where R_(u) is a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;

R is:

-   -   a hydrogen,

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₂ is:

-   -   a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen.

67. The compound of embodiment 65, wherein the C₆ to C₈ aryl is phenyl.

68. The compound of embodiment 65, wherein the phenyl is substituted at the para position.

69. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:

(i) a compound of formula I

wherein:

X is:

-   -   a nitro group;     -   a cyano group;     -   a —COR_(a) group, where R_(a) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or a             halogen, or         -   a dialkyl-amino;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;     -   a formyl group;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy; or     -   a 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one             or more halogen(s), or         -   a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;

Y is:

-   -   a haloalkyl;     -   a halogen;     -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆         alkyl(s);     -   a benzofuran;     -   a benzothiophene;     -   a dibenzofuran;     -   a dibenzothiophene;     -   a benzothiazole;     -   a naphthalene;     -   an indole, optionally substituted on the nitrogen with a C₁ to         C₆ alkyl;

where R_(b) is a hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, and n is 0 or 1;

where R_(c) is a hydrogen, a —CONHR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or an —SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; or

where R_(d) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or a C₆ to C₈ aryl;

-   -   a —NHCOR_(e) group, where R_(e) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   an alkoxy,             -   a cyano group,             -   a nitro group, or             -   a halogen;     -   a —NHCOOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a —CH₂O—R_(f) group, where R_(f) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a —NR_(g)R_(h) group, where R_(g) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or a         hydrogen and R_(h) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted         with an alkoxy;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a C₆ to C₈             aryl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with —COOR_(x),             where R_(x) is as defined above, or         -   an amino group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle optionally substituted with:         -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, or         -   a —NHCOOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the         following:         -   an alkoxy, optionally substituted with:             -   an alkoxy,             -   a hydroxy,             -   one or more halogen(s),             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted                 with:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or                 -   a hydroxy,             -   an amino group optionally substituted with one or more                 C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a —NR_(i)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above                 and R_(i) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a haloalkyl, or                 -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —NR_(j)COR_(k) group, where R_(k) is:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a hydrogen, or                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s), and R_(j) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a haloalkyl, or                 -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —N═N⁺═N⁻ group, or             -   a —COR_(l), where R_(l) is a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle                 optionally substituted with a hydroxy,         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s),         -   a nitro group,         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with:             -   a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, or             -   a —NR_(x)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined                 above,         -   a haloalkoxy,         -   a halogen,         -   a hydroxy,         -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a —COR_(m) group, where R_(m) is:             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s), where the C₁ to C₆ alkyls are optionally                 substituted with:                 -   a hydroxy                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),                 -   an alkoxy,             -   a 3 to 7 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted                 with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a                 dialkyl-amino,             -   a —NHR_(n) group, where R_(n) is:                 -   a —CH₂CONH₂, or                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:                 -    an alkyl,                 -    one or more halogen(s),                 -    a nitro group, or                 -    one or more alkoxy(s),         -   a —NR_(o)COR_(p) group, where R_(p) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   an alkoxy, or                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with a halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with                 one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a hydrogen,

-   -   -   and where R_(o) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl, or             -   a haloalkoxy,         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a haloalkyl,             -   a haloalkoxy, or             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   and where R_(r) is:             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:

-   -   -   -   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a —OR_(S) group, where R_(s) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or                 -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

            -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more                 of the following:                 -   a halogen,                 -   an alkylene,                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, and/or                 -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

            -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

        -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with a C₁ to                     C₆ alkyl or an alkoxy,                 -   an alkylene,                 -   an alkoxy,                 -   an alkyne,                 -   a halogen, or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with:                 -   an alkoxy,                 -   a halogen, or                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,

        -   and R_(t) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl, or             -   a haloalkoxy,

        -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a hydroxy, or                 -   an alkoxy,

        -   and where R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene,             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with a                 halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted                 with:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or

optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, where R_(y) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or hydrogen,

-   -   where R_(z) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally         substituted with a C₆ to C₈ aryl,         -   a —SR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a —SO₂R_(aa) group, where R_(aa) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   an amino group,             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino group optionally substituted                 with a hydroxy or a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as                 defined above,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, and/or         -   a —NHR_(bb) group, where R_(bb) is:

-   -   -   -   a —C(═S)NH₂ group, or             -   a —PO(OR_(x))₂ group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

-   -   group, where R_(cc) is:         -   a naphthalene,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,

-   -   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of             the following:             -   an alkoxy,             -   a hydroxy,             -   a halogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a cyano                 group,             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a —NHPOR_(x)R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a —NR_(ee)CONR_(ff)R_(ff) group, where R_(ee) is a                 hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted                 with a halogen, and R_(ff) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or                 -   a —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a —NR_(gg)COR_(hh) group, where R_(hh) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -    an alkoxy,                 -    a halogen, or                 -    an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s), where the alkyls are optionally                     substituted with a halogen,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,             -   and R_(gg) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy, or                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl,             -   5 or 6 membered heterocycle groups,             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s), and/or             -   a —NR_(ii)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined                 above, and R_(ii) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:         -   an alkoxy,         -   one or more halogen(s), or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one or         more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s);     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or

R is a hydrogen, a halogen or an alkoxy;

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   a hydroxy;     -   a halogen;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   a nitro group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   an alkoxy optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy;     -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with a dialkyl-amino or         a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle; or         R₁ joins together with R₂ to form:

R₂ is:

-   -   a nitro group;     -   a hydrogen;     -   a halogen;     -   a hydroxy group;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with one or more         halogen(s);     -   an amino group;     -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   an —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with an alkoxy,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted             with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl group;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   an amide group optionally substituted with:         -   a hydroxy group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a —NHCOR_(jj) group, where R_(jj) is:         -   an alkoxy, or         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s);     -   a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or         R₂ joins together with R₁ to form:

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen; or     -   —CH₂OCOR_(x), and R_(x) is as defined above;         provided that when X is phenyl, hydroxyphenyl or pyridyl, Y is         alkyl, R is hydrogen, R₁ is hydrogen or hydroxy, R₂ is hydrogen         or hydroxy, and R₃ is hydrogen,         then Z is:     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl substituted with:         -   an alkoxy,         -   one or more halogen(s), or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one or         more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s);     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or

or

or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof; and

(ii) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s).

70. A method for treating an infection by a virus in a subject in need thereof, wherein the virus contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), comprising administering to the subject one or more compound(s) of formula I or a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compound(s) of formula I

wherein:

X is:

-   -   a nitro group;     -   a cyano group;     -   a —COR_(a) group, where R_(a) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or a             halogen, or         -   a dialkyl-amino;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;     -   a formyl group;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy; or     -   a 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one             or more halogen(s), or         -   a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;

Y is:

-   -   a haloalkyl;     -   a halogen;     -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆         alkyl(s);     -   a benzofuran;     -   a benzothiophene;     -   a dibenzofuran;     -   a dibenzothiophene;     -   a benzothiazole;     -   a naphthalene;     -   an indole, optionally substituted on the nitrogen with a C₁ to         C₆ alkyl;

where R_(b) is a hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, and n is 0 or 1;

where R_(c) is a hydrogen, a —CONHR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or an —SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; or

where R_(d) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or a C₆ to C₈ aryl;

-   -   a —NHCOR_(e) group, where R_(e) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   an alkoxy,             -   a cyano group,             -   a nitro group, or             -   a halogen;     -   a —NHCOOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a —CH₂O—R_(f) group, where R_(f) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a —NR_(g)R_(h) group, where R_(g) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or a         hydrogen and R_(h) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted         with an alkoxy;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a C₆ to C₈             aryl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with —COOR_(x),             where R_(x) is as defined above, or         -   an amino group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle optionally substituted with:         -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, or         -   a —NHCOOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the         following:         -   an alkoxy, optionally substituted with:             -   an alkoxy,             -   a hydroxy,             -   one or more halogen(s),             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted                 with:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or                 -   a hydroxy,             -   an amino group optionally substituted with one or more                 C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a —NR_(i)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above                 and R_(i) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a haloalkyl, or                 -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —NR_(j)COR_(k) group, where R_(k) is:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a hydrogen, or                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   and R_(j) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a haloalkyl, or                 -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —N═N⁺═N⁻ group, or             -   a —COR_(l), where R_(l) is a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle                 optionally substituted with a hydroxy,         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s),         -   a nitro group,         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with:             -   a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, or             -   a —NR_(x)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined                 above,         -   a haloalkoxy,         -   a halogen,         -   a hydroxy,         -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a —COR_(m) group, where R_(m) is:             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s), where the one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s)                 is/are optionally substituted with:                 -   a hydroxy                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyls, and/or                 -   an alkoxy,             -   a 3 to 7 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted                 with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a                 dialkyl-amino,             -   a —NHR_(n) group, where R_(n) is:                 -   a —CH₂CONH₂, or                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:                 -    an alkyl,                 -    one or more halogen(s),                 -    a nitro group, or                 -    one or more alkoxy(s),         -   a —NR_(o)COR_(p) group, where R_(p) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   an alkoxy, or                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with a halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with                 one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a hydrogen,

-   -   -   and where R_(o) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl, or             -   a haloalkoxy,         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a haloalkyl,             -   a haloalkoxy, or             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   and where R_(r) is:             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:

-   -   -   -   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a —OR_(S) group, where R_(s) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or                 -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

            -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more                 of the following:                 -   a halogen,                 -   an alkylene,                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, and/or                 -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

            -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

        -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with a C₁ to                     C₆ alkyl or an alkoxy,                 -   an alkylene,                 -   an alkoxy,                 -   an alkyne,                 -   a halogen, or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with:                 -   an alkoxy,                 -   a halogen, or                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,

        -   and R_(t) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl, or             -   a haloalkoxy,

        -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a hydroxy, or                 -   an alkoxy,

        -   and where R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene,             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with a                 halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted                 with:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or

optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, where R_(y) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or hydrogen,

-   -   where R_(z) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally         substituted with a C₆ to C₈ aryl,         -   a —SR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a —SO₂R_(aa) group, where R_(aa) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   an amino group,             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino group optionally substituted                 with a hydroxy or a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as                 defined above,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, and/or         -   a —NHR_(bb) group, where R_(bb) is:

-   -   -   -   a —C(═S)NH₂ group, or             -   a —PO(OR_(x))₂ group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

-   -   group, where R_(cc) is:         -   a naphthalene,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,

-   -   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of             the following:             -   an alkoxy,             -   a hydroxy,             -   a halogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a cyano                 group,             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a —NHPOR_(x)R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a —NR_(ee)CONR_(ff)R_(ff) group, where R_(ee) is a                 hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted                 with a halogen, and R_(ff) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or                 -   a —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a —NR_(gg)COR_(hh) group, where R_(hh) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -    an alkoxy,                 -    a halogen, or                 -    an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s), where the alkyls are optionally                     substituted with a halogen,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,             -   and R_(gg) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy, or                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl,             -   5 or 6 membered heterocycle groups,             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s), and/or             -   a —NR_(ii)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined                 above, and R_(ii) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:         -   an alkoxy,         -   one or more halogen(s), or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one or         more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s);     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or

R is a hydrogen, a halogen or an alkoxy;

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   a hydroxy;     -   a halogen;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   a nitro group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   an alkoxy optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy;     -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with a dialkyl-amino or         a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle; or         R₁ joins together with R₂ to form:

R₂ is:

-   -   a nitro group;     -   a hydrogen;     -   a halogen;     -   a hydroxy group;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with one or more         halogen(s);     -   an amino group;     -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   an —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with an alkoxy,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted             with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl group;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   an amide group optionally substituted with:         -   a hydroxy group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a —NHCOR_(jj) group, where R_(jj) is:         -   an alkoxy, or         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s);     -   a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or         R₂ joins together with R₁ to form:

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen; or     -   —CH₂OCOR_(x), and R_(x) is as defined above; or         one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof.

71. A method for treating a Hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject one or more compound(s) of formula I or a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compound(s) of formula I

wherein:

X is:

-   -   a nitro group;     -   a cyano group;     -   a —COR_(a) group, where R_(a) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or a             halogen, or         -   a dialkyl-amino;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;     -   a formyl group;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy; or     -   a 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one             or more halogen(s), or         -   a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;

Y is:

-   -   a haloalkyl;     -   a halogen;     -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆         alkyl(s);     -   a benzofuran;     -   a benzothiophene;     -   a dibenzofuran;     -   a dibenzothiophene;     -   a benzothiazole;     -   a naphthalene;     -   an indole, optionally substituted on the nitrogen with a C₁ to         C₆ alkyl;

where R_(b) is a hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, and n is 0 or 1;

where R_(c) is a hydrogen, a —CONHR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or an —SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; or

where R_(d) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or a C₆ to C₈ aryl;

-   -   a —NHCOR_(e) group, where R_(e) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   an alkoxy,             -   a cyano group,             -   a nitro group, or             -   a halogen;     -   a —NHCOOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a —CH₂O—R_(f) group, where R_(f) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a —NR_(g)R_(h) group, where R_(g) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or a         hydrogen and R_(h) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted         with an alkoxy;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a C₆ to C₈             aryl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with —COOR_(x),             where R_(x) is as defined above, or         -   an amino group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle optionally substituted with:         -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, or         -   a —NHCOOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the         following:         -   an alkoxy, optionally substituted with:             -   an alkoxy,             -   a hydroxy,             -   one or more halogen(s),             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted                 with:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or                 -   a hydroxy,             -   an amino group optionally substituted with one or more                 C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a —NR_(i)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above                 and R_(i) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a haloalkyl, or                 -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —NR_(j)COR_(k) group, where R_(k) is:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a hydrogen, or                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   and R_(j) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a haloalkyl, or                 -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —N═N⁺═N⁻ group, or             -   a —COR_(l), where R_(l) is a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle                 optionally substituted with a hydroxy,         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s),         -   a nitro group,         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with:             -   a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, or             -   a —NR_(x)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined                 above,         -   a haloalkoxy,         -   a halogen,         -   a hydroxy,         -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a —COR_(m) group, where R_(m) is:             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s), where the one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s)                 is/are optionally substituted with:                 -   a hydroxy                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),                 -   an alkoxy,             -   a 3 to 7 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted                 with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a                 dialkyl-amino,             -   a —NHR_(n) group, where R_(n) is:                 -   a —CH₂CONH₂, or                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:                 -    an alkyl,                 -    one or more halogen(s),                 -    a nitro group, or                 -    one or more alkoxy(s),         -   a —NR_(o)COR_(p) group, where R_(p) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   an alkoxy, or                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with a halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with                 one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a hydrogen,

-   -   -   and where R_(o) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl, or             -   a haloalkoxy,         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a haloalkyl,             -   a haloalkoxy, or             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   and where R_(r) is:             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:

-   -   -   -   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a —OR_(S) group, where R_(s) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or                 -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

            -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more                 of the following:                 -   a halogen,                 -   an alkylene,                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, and/or                 -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

            -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

        -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with a C₁ to                     C₆ alkyl or an alkoxy,                 -   an alkylene,                 -   an alkoxy,                 -   an alkyne,                 -   a halogen, or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with:                 -   an alkoxy,                 -   a halogen, or                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,

        -   and R_(t) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl, or             -   a haloalkoxy,

        -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a hydroxy, or                 -   an alkoxy,

        -   and where R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene,             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with a                 halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted                 with:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or

optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, where R_(y) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or hydrogen,

-   -   where R_(z) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally         substituted with a C₆ to C₈ aryl,         -   a —SR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a —SO₂R_(aa) group, where R_(aa) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   an amino group,             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino group optionally substituted                 with a hydroxy or a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as                 defined above,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, and/or         -   a —NHR_(bb) group, where R_(bb) is:

-   -   -   -   a —C(═S)NH₂ group, or             -   a —PO(OR_(x))₂ group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

-   -   group, where R_(cc) is:         -   a naphthalene,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,

-   -   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of             the following:             -   an alkoxy,             -   a hydroxy,             -   a halogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a cyano                 group,             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a —NHPOR_(x)R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a —NR_(ee)CONR_(ff)R_(ff) group, where R_(ee) is a                 hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted                 with a halogen, and R_(ff) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or                 -   a —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a —NR_(gg)COR_(hh) group, where R_(hh) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -    an alkoxy,                 -    a halogen, or                 -    an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s), where the one or more C₁ to C₆                     alkyl(s) is/are optionally substituted with a                     halogen,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,             -   and R_(gg) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy, or                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl,             -   5 or 6 membered heterocycle groups,             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s), and/or             -   a —NR_(ii)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined                 above, and R_(ii) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:         -   an alkoxy,         -   one or more halogen(s), or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one or         more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s);     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or

R is a hydrogen, a halogen or an alkoxy;

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   a hydroxy;     -   a halogen;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   a nitro group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   an alkoxy optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy;     -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with a dialkyl-amino or         a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle; or         R₁ joins together with R₂ to form:

R₂ is:

-   -   a nitro group;     -   a hydrogen;     -   a halogen;     -   a hydroxy group;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with one or more         halogen(s);     -   an amino group;     -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   an —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with an alkoxy,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted             with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl group;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   an amide group optionally substituted with:         -   a hydroxy group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a —NHCOR_(jj) group, where R_(jj) is:         -   an alkoxy, or         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s);     -   a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or         R₂ joins together with R₁ to form:

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen; or     -   —CH₂OCOR_(x), and R_(x) is as defined above; or         one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof.

72. A compound of formula IIIb

wherein:

X is:

-   -   hydrogen;

Y is:

-   -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with a C₆         to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with —COOR_(x), where R_(x)         is as defined above;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the         following:         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s);         -   a halogen;         -   a hydroxy;         -   a —COR_(m) group, where R_(m) is:             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s);         -   a —NR_(o)COR_(p) group, where R_(p) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with an alkoxy;         -   and where R_(o) is:             -   a hydrogen;         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is hydrogen and             where R_(r) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(t) is hydrogen, and where             R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;                 -   a halogen; or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;         -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is hydrogen and where             R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; or             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino;

-   -   -   -   where R_(z) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;

        -   a —SO₂R_(aa) group, where R_(aa) is:             -   an amino group; or             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino group;

        -   a —NHR_(bb) group, where R_(bb) is:             -   a —PO(OR_(x))₂ group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alky; or     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

R is:

-   -   a hydrogen,

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   an alkoxy optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s); or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;

R₂ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   a hydroxy group;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with one or more         halogen(s);     -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s);         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted             with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group; or     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   an amide group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl; or     -   a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen.

73. The compound of embodiment 72, wherein:

X is:

-   -   hydrogen;

Y is:

-   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, substituted with —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where         R_(t) is hydrogen, and where R_(u) is a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alky;

R is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;

R₂ is:

-   -   a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen.

74. A compound which is selected from the compound range: 866-1329, 1484-2127, 2129-2545.

75. The compound of embodiment 73 selected from:

As used herein, the term “alkyl” generally refers to saturated hydrocarbyl radicals of straight or branched configuration, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, octyl, n-octyl, and the like. In some embodiments, alkyl substituents may be C₁ to C₁₂, or C₁ to C₈ or C₁ to C₆ alkyl groups.

As used herein, “alkylene” generally refers to linear, branched or cyclic alkene radicals having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, such as C₂ to C₆ alkylene groups including 3-propenyl.

As used herein, “aryl” refers to a carbocyclic aromatic ring structure. Included in the scope of aryl groups are aromatic rings having from five to twenty carbon atoms. Aryl ring structures include compounds having one or more ring structures, such as mono-, bi-, or tricyclic compounds. Examples of aryl groups that include phenyl, tolyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, azulenyl, phenanthrenyl (i.e., phenanthrene), and napthyl (i.e., napthalene) ring structures. In certain embodiments, the aryl group may be optionally substituted.

As used herein, “heteroaryl” refers to cyclic aromatic ring structures in which one or more atoms in the ring, the heteroatom(s), is an element other than carbon. Heteroatoms are typically O, S or N atoms. Included within the scope of heteroaryl, and independently selectable, are O, N, and S heteroaryl ring structures. The ring structure may include compounds having one or more ring structures, such as mono-, bi-, or tricyclic compounds. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl groups may be selected from heteroaryl groups that contain two or more heteroatoms, three or more heteroatoms, or four or more heteroatoms. Heteroaryl ring structures may be selected from those that contain five or more atoms, six or more atoms, or eight or more atoms. Examples of heteroaryl ring structures include: acridine, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzodioxole, benzofuran, 1,3-diazine, 1,2-diazine, 1,2-diazole, 1,4-diazanaphthalene, furan, furazan, imidazole, indole, isoxazole, isoquinoline, isothiazole, oxazole, purine, pyridazine, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, quinoline, quinoxaline, thiazole, thiophene, 1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,3-triazine, tetrazole and quinazoline.

As used herein, “heterocycle” refers to cyclic ring structures in which one or more atoms in the ring, the heteroatom(s), is an element other than carbon. Heteroatoms are typically O, S or N atoms. Included within the scope of heterocycle, and independently selectable, are O, N, and S heterocycle ring structures. The ring structure may include compounds having one or more ring structures, such as mono-, bi-, or tricyclic compounds. Example of heterocyclo groups include morpholinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydroprimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl or tetrahydrothiopyranyl and the like. In certain embodiments, the heterocycle may optionally be substituted.

As used herein, “alkoxy” generally refers to a group with the structure —O—R, where R is an alkyl group as defined above.

For the purposes of this invention, halo substituents may be independently selected from the halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. A haloalkyl is an alkyl group, as defined above, substituted with one or more halogens. A haloalkoxy is an alkoxy group, as defined above, substituted with one or more halogens.

For the purposes of this invention, where one or more functionalities encompassing X, Y, Z, R, R₁, R₂, and R₃, are incorporated into a molecule of formula I, each functionality appearing at any location within the disclosed compound may be independently selected, and as appropriate, independently substituted. Further, where a more generic substituent is set forth for any position in the molecules of the present invention, it is understood that the generic substituent may be replaced with more specific substituents, and the resulting molecules are within the scope of the molecules of the present invention.

By “substituted” or “optionally substituted” it is meant that the particular substituent may be substituted with a chemical group known to one of skill in the art to be appropriate for the referred-to substituent, unless a chemical group is specifically mentioned.

In some embodiments, X is selected from the X substituents of compounds 866-1329, 1484-2127, 2129-2545.

Nonlimiting examples of X substituents include the following, where the * indicates the bond of attachment of the scaffold molecule:

In some embodiments, the X substituent is hydrogen; a cyano group; or a —COR_(a) group, where R_(a) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or a dialkyl-amino.

In other embodiments, the X substituent is selected from the following:

In yet other embodiments, the X substituent is selected from the following:

In some embodiments, Y is selected from the Y substituents of compounds 866-1329, 1484-2127, 2129-2545.

Nonlimiting examples of Y substituents include the following:

In some embodiments, the Y substituent is selected from the following:

In other embodiments, the Y substituent is selected from the following:

In some embodiments, Z is selected from the Z substituents of compounds 866-1329, 1484-2127, 2129-2545.

Nonlimiting examples of Z substituents include the following:

In some embodiments, the Z substituent is a hydrogen; a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with an alkoxy, one or more halogens, or a C₆ to C₈ aryl; a C₂ to C₆ alkylene; or a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy.

In other embodiments, the Z substituent is selected from the following:

In yet other embodiments, the Z substituent is a hydrogen; a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with: -a C₆ to C₈ aryl; -a C₂ to C₆ alkylene; and -a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy.

In yet further embodiments, the Z substituent is selected from the following:

In some embodiments, R is selected from the R substituents of compounds 866-1329, 1484-2127, 2129-2545.

Nonlimiting examples of R substituents include the following:

In some embodiments, the R substituent is the following:

In some embodiments, R₁ is selected from the R₁ substituents of compounds 866-1329, 1484-2127, 2129-2545.

Nonlimiting examples of R₁ substituents include the following:

In some embodiments, the R₁ substituent is a hydrogen; a halogen; a nitro group; a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle; an alkoxy optionally substituted with a C₆ to C₈ aryl; or a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy.

In other embodiments, the R₁ substituent is selected from the following:

In yet other embodiments, the R₁ substituent is selected from the following:

In some embodiments, R₂ is selected from the R₂ substituents of compounds 866-1329, 1484-2127, 2129-2545.

Nonlimiting examples of R₂ substituents include the following:

In some embodiments, the R₂ substituent is a nitro group; a hydrogen; a halogen; a hydroxy group; a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with one or more halogen(s); an alkoxy group optionally substituted with one or more halogen(s), a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, -a dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with an alkoxy, -a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or -a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group; -an amide group; or a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above.

In other embodiments, the R₂ substituent is selected from the following:

In yet other embodiments, the R₂ substituent is a hydrogen; a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with one or more halogens; or an alkoxy group optionally substituted with one or more halogens, a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group.

In yet further embodiments, the R₂ substituents selected from the following:

In some embodiments, R₃ is selected from the R₃ substituents of compounds 866-1329, 1484-2127, 2129-2545.

Nonlimiting examples of R₃ substituents include the following:

In some embodiments, the R₃ substituent is the following:

Nonlimiting examples of compounds of formula I include the following:

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from Compounds 866-1329, 1484-2127, 2129-2545.

B. Preparation of Compounds of the Invention

The compounds of the invention can be obtained via standard, well-known synthetic methodology. Many of the indole starting materials can be prepared using the routes described below or by those skilled in the art.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure II can be prepared by the methodology depicted in Scheme A below:

An α-nitroketone derivative A2 can be derived from treatment of the anion of nitromethane, obtained from the treatment of nitromethane with a base, such as, e.g., sodium or potassium t-butoxide or sodium hydride, with an activated carboxylic acid derivative, e.g., the acyl imidazolide A1. Reaction of the α-nitroketone A2 with amine derivative A3 can afford the nitro enamine A4 by mixing the components A3 and A4 and heating in a suitable solvent such as an alcohol or an aprotic solvent. Treatment of the nitro enamine A4 with quinone A5 in a polar protic solvent such as acetic acid at or near ambient temperature gives the compound of formula II.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure III can be prepared as shown in Scheme B below:

Treatment of B1 with a reactive alkyl or aryl group containing a leaving group L in a suitable solvent, with or without heat in the presence of a base, such an inorganic base, e.g., sodium or potassium carbonate or an organic base, e.g., triethylamine, can afford the compound of structure III. Examples of leaving groups include but are not limited to halogens (e.g., chlorine, bromine or iodine) or alkyl or arylsulfonates.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure IV can be prepared as shown in Scheme C below:

Compounds of structure IV can be obtained by nitrating an indole of structure C1, to give the 3-nitroindole C2. The nitration can be carried out by treatment of C1 with a nitrating agent, such as nitric acid or sodium nitrite in a solvent such as acetic acid, acetic anhydride, sulfuric acid or in a mixed solvent system containing an organic solvent such as dichloromethane. The reaction can be carried out a temperature of −30° C. to +50° C. Treatment of C2 with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L (C3) can give compounds of structure IV. Reactive functional groups can consist of but are not limited to alkyl and aralkyl. L can represent a halide, particularly chloro, bromo or iodo or an alkylsulfonate. The reaction between C2 and C3 can be carried out in a suitable solvent in the presence of an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate or sodium hydride or an organic base such as a trialkylamine. Alternatively, the group R₉ can represent an aryl or heteroaryl group and L can represent a halide, particularly chloro, bromo or iodo. The reaction can be carried out in a polar or nonpolar solvent at a temperature from ambient to 200° C. in the presence of a copper catalyst, e.g., CuI, a base such as Cs₂CO₃ or K₃PO₄, and optionally an amine ligand such as 1,2-bis(methylamino)ethane or 1,2-cyclohexanediamine.

An alternative pathway is to convert C1 into C4 in similar fashion as described above and then carry out the nitration reaction to afford compounds of structure IV.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure V can be prepared as shown in Scheme D.

Treatment of β-ketoesters of structure D1 with amines D2 gives the amino crotonate derivatives D3 by heating in a suitable solvent such as an alcohol or an aprotic solvent. Reaction between D3 and quinone D4 in a polar protic solvent, such as acetic acid gives compounds of structure V.

Compounds of the present invention, represented by structure VI compounds can be prepared by the chemistry described in scheme E below.

Indole-3-carboxylic esters E1 can be converted to indole-3-carboxylic acids E2 by treatment of compounds of structure E1 with, for example, either acid or base in aqueous or mixed aqueous-organic solvents at ambient or elevated temperature or by treatment with nucleophilic agents, for example, boron tribromide or trimethylsilyl iodide, in a suitable solvent. Compounds of type E2 can then be activated and treated with amines of type E3 to give compounds E4. Activation of the carboxylic acid can be carried out, for example, by any of the standard methods. For example, the acid E2 can be activated with coupling reagents such as EDCI or DCC with or without HOBt in the presence of the amine E3, or alternatively the acid can be activated as the acid chloride by treatment of the acid with, e.g., thionyl chloride or oxalyl chloride or as the acyl imidazolide, obtained by treatment of the acid with carbonyl diimidazole, followed by treatment of the amine E3. Compounds E4 can be converted to compounds of structure VI by treatment of E4 with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L (E5) as described previously. Alternatively, compounds of type E1 can be converted to compounds of structure E6 by treatment with E5. Indole-3-carboxylic esters E6 can then be converted to indole-3-carboxylic acids E7 by the methods described above. Conversion of E7 to compounds of structure VI can be carried out by the activation and reaction with an amine E3 as described above.

Compounds of the present invention, represented by structure VII compounds can be prepared by the chemistry described in scheme F below.

Indoles F1 can be formylated with reagents such as phosphorous oxychloride in the presence of DMF to give the indole-3-carboxaldehydes F2. Conversion to compounds of structure VII can be accomplished by treatment of F2 with compounds F3 as described previously. Alternatively, compounds of type F1 can first be converted to F4 and then be formylated to compounds of structure VII.

Compounds of formula G, represented by structure VIII can be prepared as shown in Scheme G.

Indole-3-carboxaldehydes of structure G1 can be converted to the indole-3-carboxylic acid derivatives by oxidation with reagents such as potassium permanganate under aqueous conditions.

Compounds of formula H, represented by structure IX can be prepared as shown in Scheme H.

Indole-3-carboxaldehydes of structure H1 can be converted to the indole-3-carbonitrile derivatives H2 by a variety of methods. Treatment of H1 with a nitroalkane, e.g., nitropropane, in the presence of an amine source, e.g., ammonium hydrogen phosphate gives the indole-3-carbonitrile H2 derivative. An alternative pathway to compound H2 is via the intermediate H3. Conversion of H1 to the oxime derivative H3 can be followed by dehydration, e.g., treatment of the oxime with acetic anhydride and a base, or reaction of the oxime with thionyl chloride to give H2. The compound H2 can then be reacted with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L (H4) as described previously to afford compounds of structure IX.

Alternatively, H1 can be reacted with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L (H4) to give the intermediate H5, which can be reacted with a nitroalkane as above to give the indole-3-carbonitrile IX compound. Compound IX can also be obtained by conversion to the oxime H6 followed by a dehydration reaction as described above.

Compounds of the present invention, represented by structure X can also be prepared as described in scheme I below.

Indoles I1 can be cyanated with an appropriate cyanating agent, e.g., chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (I2) or a dialkyl phosphoryl isocyanate in a suitable solvent or solvent mixture, e.g. DMF, CH₃CN or dioxane, to afford compounds of structure I3. The compound I3 can then be reacted with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L (I4) as described previously afford the compound X.

Alternatively, compound I1 can be reacted with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L to give compounds of structure I5 that can then be cyanated as above to give compounds of formula X.

Compounds of formula J, represented by structure XI can be prepared as shown in Scheme J.

Amino crotonates J1 can be reacted with amines J2 to give J3. Reaction of J3 with quinone in the presence of a polar, protic solvent, e.g., acetic acid, gives the compound of structure XI.

Compounds of the present invention, represented by structure XII and XIII can be prepared as described in scheme K below.

Aldehydes of structure K1 can be reacted with an alkyl azidoacetate K2 by heating the components together in a suitable organic solvent, e.g., a protic or non-protic solvent, in the presence of an organic or inorganic base, to give the α-azidoacrylate K3. Heating K3 in the presence of a suitable non-reactive organic solvent, e.g., toluene or xylenes can give the 2-alkoxycarbonylindoles K4. Reduction of the ester functionality with a suitable reducing reagent, for example, lithium aluminum hydride, in a suitable solvent, e.g., ether or THF can give the intermediate K5. Reaction of K5 with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L (K6) as described previously affords the compound K7. Cyanation of K7 with a cyanating agent, e.g., chlorosulfonyl isocyanate as described previously can give compound XII. Alternatively, cyanation of K5 with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate gives K8, which can be reacted with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L (K6) as described previously, affords, the compound XII.

An alternative use of intermediate K4 is exemplified below. Hydrolysis of the 2-alkoxycarbonyl group of the indole K4 either under acidic or basic conditions followed by decarboxylation can give the intermediate K9. Decarboxylation can be carried out thermally, i.e., heating in an appropriate solvent, e.g., toluene, xylenes, or quinoline. Alternatively, a source of copper can be added, for example, copper bronze, to facilitate decarboxylation. Reaction of K9 with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L (K6) as described above can afford the compounds K10. Cyanation of K10 with a cyanating agent, e.g., chlorosulfonyl isocyanate as described previously can give compound XIII. Alternatively, cyanation of K9 with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate gives K11, which can be reacted with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L (K6) as described previously, affords the compound XIII.

Compounds of formula L, represented by structure XIV can be prepared as shown in Scheme L.

Compounds of formula L1 can be halogenated on the 2-methyl group to give 2-bromomethyl or chloromethyl indoles L2. The halogenation reaction can be conducted with reagents, e.g., N-bromo- or chlorosuccinimide. The reaction can be conducted in a suitable solvent, such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or THF and carried out in a range between ambient temperature and 80° C. Optionally, a radical initiator may be added, e.g., benzoyl peroxide or AIBN. The compound L2 can then be reacted with a nucleophile R₅—W (L3) to give compounds of structure XIV. The reaction can be conducted in a suitable solvent, e.g., THF, CH₂Cl₂ or DMF, within a temperature range of 0° C. to 120° C. A base, e.g., an inorganic base, such as potassium carbonate or an organic base, such as a trialkylamine can be used to remove the acid formed in the reaction. The group W can refer to an N, O or S atom.

Compounds of the present invention, represented by structure XV can be prepared as described in scheme M below.

Anilines of structure M1 can be diazotized and the resulting diazonium salt can be reduced to give the phenyl hydrazine compound M2. Reaction between the hydrazine M2 and a ketone M3 under acidic conditions can give the indole compound M4. The conditions for the cyclization reaction can be carried out under typical conditions utilized by one skilled in the art, for example, acidic conditions, utilizing acids such as a Bronstead acid, e.g., acetic acid, hydrochloric acid or polyphosphoric acid or a Lewis acid, e.g., zinc chloride. The reaction can be carried out in the presence of a co-solvent, e.g., CH₂Cl₂ or THF typically within a temperature range of 0° C. to 120° C. Reaction of M4 with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L (M5) as described previously, can afford compounds M6. Cyanation of the indole M6 with a cyanating agent such as chlorosulfonyl isocyanate can give the compound of structure XV.

Alternatively, the indoles M4 can be cyanated to give compounds of structure M7. Reaction of M7 with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L (M5) as described above can give compounds of structure XV.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XVI can be prepared as shown in Scheme N.

Compounds of formula N1 can be reacted with a dialkylformamide dialkyl acetal, N2, e.g., dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal, optionally in the presence of a suitable solvent, e.g., DMF or dioxane, at a temperature range from ambient to 150° C. to give the compound of structure N3. Reduction of the nitro group of compounds of type N3 under standard conditions can give the indole compounds of structure N4. The reduction can be carried out via hydrogenation, using a sub-stoichiometric amount of a hydrogenation catalyst, e.g., platinum or palladium, in the presence of a hydrogen source in a protic or aprotic solvent. The reduction can be carried out in a temperature range of ambient to 80° C. Alternatively, the reduction can be carried out via chemical reduction, e.g., in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of Fe or Sn compounds in a suitable solvent at a temperature range of ambient to 100° C. The compound N4 can then be reacted with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L (N5) as described previously to afford compounds of structure N6. Cyanation of N6 with a cyanating agent such as chlorosulfonyl isocyanate in a suitable solvent can give the compounds of structure XVI.

Alternatively, compounds of structure N4 can be cyanated to give compounds of structure N7. Reaction of N7 with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L (N5) as described above can give compounds of structure XVI.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XVII can be prepared as shown in Scheme O.

Compounds of structure O1 can be converted to 2-iodo- or bromoindoles O2. Typically, a strong base, such as n-butyllithium or s-butyllithium or lithium diisopropylamide or lithium or potassium hexamethyldisilazide is employed, with formation of the 2-indolyl anion generated in a suitable unreactive solvent, e.g., ether or THF, or solvent mixtures containing them. The reaction is typically carried out in the range of −78° C. to ambient temperature. The 2-indolyl anion can then be quenched with an electrophilic source of halogen, including but not limited to iodine, bromine or N-bromosuccinimide to give compounds of structure O2. Reaction of 2-iodo- or bromoindoles O2 with a boronic acid (commonly referred to as a Suzuki reaction) or trialkyl stannane (commonly referred to as a Stille reaction) can give the compounds of structure XVII. The coupling reactions are carried out by methods known to those skilled in the art and include conducting the reaction in the presence of a catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0), bis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) dichloride or palladium acetate with added phosphine ligand. The reactions are carried out in a suitable solvent, e.g., DMF, toluene, dimethoxy ethane or dioxane at a temperature range of ambient to 150° C. For the Suzuki reaction, a base is usually added. The base can be in aqueous solution, e.g., aqueous sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate, or the base can be employed under anhydrous conditions, e.g., cesium or potassium fluoride. For the Stille reaction a copper co-catalyst, e.g., copper iodide, can be added.

Alternatively, indoles O1 can be converted to the indole-2-boronic acid or indole-2-trialkylstannane derivatives O3 by reacting the 2-indolyl anion described above with a trialkylborate or chlorotrialkyl stannane derivative, respectively. Compounds of type O3 can be reacted with aryl and heteroaryl bromides and iodides under similar conditions to those described above to form compounds of structure XVII.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XVIII can be prepared as shown in Scheme P.

Compounds of structure P1 can be converted to compounds P3 by treatment of P1 with an aryl or heteroaryl halide (P2) in the presence of organometallic catalysis. Such catalyst combinations can include palladium catalysts, e.g., palladium acetate and a source of copper, e.g., copper iodide. The reaction can be carried out in the presence of a base, e.g., cesium carbonate. The reaction can be carried out within a temperature range of ambient temperature to 150° C. Cyanation of the indole P3 with a cyanating agent such as chlorosulfonyl isocyanate can give the compound of structure XVIII.

Compounds of the present invention, represented by structure XIX can be prepared as described in scheme Q below.

Compounds of structure XIX can be prepared by protecting an indole compound of structure Q1 as e.g., the N-Boc derivative Q2. Alternatively, other protecting groups that can be utilized but not limited to include, e.g., benzyl, alkyl or aryl sulfonyl, or trialkyl silyl. Treatment of Q2 with a strong base, e.g., lithium diisopropyl amide in an aprotic solvent, e.g., THF followed by quenching with a trialkylborate derivative can give the indolyl-2-boronic acid Q3. Reaction with an aryl or heteroaryl halide Q4 in the presence of palladium catalysis, e.g., tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0), bis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) dichloride or palladium acetate with added phosphine ligand, can give the compound Q5. Removal of the protecting group can give Q6. Reaction with Q6 with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L as described above can give compounds of structure Q7. Cyanation of compound Q7 can give the compounds of structure XIX.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XX can be prepared as shown in Scheme R.

Compounds of structure R2 can be prepared by protecting an indole compound of structure R1 as e.g., the N-Boc derivative R2 as above. Compounds of structure R2 can be converted to 2-iodo- or bromoindoles R3. Typically, a strong base, such as n-butyllithium or s-butyllithium or lithium diisopropylamide or lithium or potassium hexamethyldisilazide is employed, with formation of the 2-indolyl anion generated in a suitable unreactive solvent, e.g., ether or THF, or solvent mixtures containing them. The reaction is typically carried out in the range of −78° C. to ambient temperature. The 2-indolyl anion can then be quenched with an electrophilic source of halogen, including but not limited to iodine, bromine or N-bromosuccinimide to give compounds of structure R3. After removal of the protecting group, compounds of R4 can be reacted with aryl or heteroaryl boronic acids or esters (R5) (commonly referred to as a Suzuki reaction) to give compounds of structure R6. The coupling reactions are carried out by methods known to those skilled in the art and include conducting the reaction in the presence of a catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0), bis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) dichloride or palladium acetate with added phosphine ligand. Reaction of R₆ with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L as described above can give compounds of structure XX.

Compounds of the present invention, represented by structure XXI can be prepared as described in scheme S below.

2-iodo- or bromoindoles of structure S1 can be reacted with alkenes in the presence of a palladium catalyst (commonly referred to as the Heck reaction) to give compounds of type XXI. The coupling reactions can be carried out by methods known to those skilled in the art. The choice of catalyst and solvents are similar to those described previously.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XXII can be prepared as shown in Scheme T.

2-Iodo- or 2-bromoindoles of structure T1 can be reacted with acetylenes in the presence of a palladium catalyst (commonly referred to as the Sonagashira reaction) to give compounds of type XXII. The coupling reactions can be carried out by methods known to those skilled in the art. A typical set of reaction conditions includes reacting the indoles of structure T1 with an acetylene compound T2 in the presence of a source of palladium, a copper co-catalyst and an amine source. The reaction is carried out in a suitably unreactive solvent and conducted within a temperature range from ambient to 150° C.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XXIII can be prepared as shown in Scheme U.

Compounds of structure XXIII can be obtained from the reduction of compounds XXI and XXII. Conditions for the reduction can include, but are not limited to catalytic reduction, e.g., hydrogenation over a source of platinum or palladium in a suitable solvent, e.g., CH₂Cl₂, ether, THF, methanol or solvent combinations.

Compounds of the present invention, represented by structure XXIV can be prepared as described in scheme V below.

Indoles of structure V1 can be reacted with a suitable base, such as lithium diisopropylamide or potassium hexamethyldisilazide to generate the 2-indolyl anion in a suitable unreactive solvent, e.g., ether or THF, or solvent mixtures containing them. The reaction is typically carried out in the range of −78° C. to ambient temperature. The 2-indolyl anion can then be quenched with a source of zinc halide, e.g., zinc halide metal or solutions containing them to give organozinc compounds of structure V2. Reaction of V2 with an arylhalide (V3) in the presence of a palladium catalyst (commonly referred to as the Negishi reaction) gives compounds of structure XXIV. Alternatively, 2-iodo or bromoindoles of structure V4, prepared from compounds V1 as described previously, can be reacted with organozinc compounds of structure V5 in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst to give compounds of structure XXIV. The organozinc compound V5 can be derived from, e.g., an alkyl or alkenyl halide after treatment with activated zinc or an aryl or heteroaryl lithium or magnesium compound after treatment with zinc halide. Furthermore, the reactions of V2 or V4 can be carried out in the presence of a palladium source, e.g., as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) or bis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) dichloride in a suitable solvent and at a temperature range from ambient to 150° C.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XXV-XXVIII can be prepared as shown in Scheme W.

2-Iodo- or bromoindoles of structure W1 can be reacted with acetylenes of structure W2 in the presence of a palladium catalyst (commonly referred to as the Sonagashira reaction) to give compounds of type XXV. The coupling reactions can be carried out by methods known to those skilled in the art. A typical set of reaction conditions includes reacting the indoles of structure W1 with an acetylene compound W2 in the presence of a source of palladium, an optional copper co-catalyst and an amine source. The reaction is carried out in a suitably unreactive solvent and conducted within a temperature range from ambient to 150° C. Reaction with XXV with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L as described above can give compounds of structure XXVI.

2-iodo- or bromoindoles of structure W1 can also be reacted with alkenes in the presence of a palladium catalyst (commonly referred to as the Heck reaction) to give compounds of type XXVII. The coupling reactions can be carried out by methods known to those skilled in the art. The choice of catalyst and solvents are similar to those described previously. Reaction with XXVII with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L as described above can give compounds of structure XXVIII.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XXIX can be prepared as shown in Scheme X.

Indoles of structure X1 and be acylated with acyl halides of structure X2 to give compounds of structure XXIX. The reaction can be promoted with a Lewis acid. The choice of Lewis acid can be chosen from, but is not limited to aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, stannic chloride or diethyl aluminum. The reaction is typically carried out in a suitable non-reactive solvent including CH₂Cl₂, carbon disulfide or dichloroethane and is typically conducted within a temperature range of −20° C. to 80° C.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XXX can be prepared as shown in Scheme Y.

3-Cyanoindoles of structure Y1 can be converted to tetrazoles of structure Y2 by treatment with, e.g., sodium azide. Heating a mixture of Y2 and the reagent Y3 can give the 3-(1,2,4-oxadiazolyl)indole compound XXX. The reagent Y3 can be, e.g., an acyl halide or an acid derivative activated with a reagent such as dicyclohexyl carbodiimide or diisopropyl carbodiimide. The reaction can be carried out in a variety of solvents, including e.g., toluene, dioxane, pyridine and dichloroethane and can be carried out by heating Y2 and Y3 at a temperature range of 30° to 130° C.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XXXI can be prepared as shown in Scheme Z.

3-Cyanoindoles of structure Z1 can be treated with hydroxyamine to give hydroxyamidine compounds of formula Z2. Reaction of hydroxyamidines of structure Z2 with compounds of structure Z3 can give O-acylhydroxyamidines Z4. Compounds Z3 can represent, for example, acyl halides or carboxylic acids activated with a reagent such as dicyclohexyl carbodiimide or diisopropyl carbodiimide. Heating compounds of structure Z4 in a non-reactive organic solvent, e.g., toluene, dichloroethane or dioxane in a temperature range of 30° C. to 150° C. can give compounds of structure XXXI.

Compounds of the present invention, represented by structure XXXII can be prepared as described in scheme AA below.

Ketoindoles of type AA1 can be converted to oximes of structure AA2 by heating the ketoindoles with hydroxyamine (free base or acid salt) in a suitable solvent. Bis-deprotonation of compounds of type AA2 with a strong organic base (e.g., n-butyllityium or sec-butyllithium or tert-butyllithium) followed by reaction with DMF can give compounds of formula XXXII.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XXXIII can be prepared as shown in Scheme AB.

3-Ketoindoles of structure AB 1 can be homologated to vinylogous amides of structure AB3 by reaction with dialkyl amide dialkyl acetals AB2. The dialkyl amides can include e.g., lower alkyl amides such as formamide, acetamide and propionamide. Examples would include dimethlformamide dimethyl acetal and dimethyl acetamide dimethyl acetal. The reaction can be conducted by reacting AB 1 and AB2 with or without additional solvent at a temperature from ambient to 150° C. Treatment of AB3 with hydroxyamine (free base or acid salt) in a suitable solvent can give compounds of structure XXXIII. The reaction is typically conducted within a temperature range from ambient to 120° C.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XXXIV can be prepared as shown in Scheme AC.

Vinylogous amides of structure AC1 (as prepared above) can be treated with hydrazines AC2 in a suitable organic solvent (DMF, alcohol or acetic acid) at temperatures ranging from ambient temperature to 150° C. to give compounds of structure XXXIV.

Compounds of the present invention, represented by structure XXXV can be prepared as described in scheme AD below.

Indole-3-carboxaldehydes of structure AD1 (as prepared in Scheme F) can be reacted with p-(toluenesulfonyl)methyl isocyanate (TOSMIC) in the presence of a base to give compounds of structure XXXV. Bases can include potassium carbonate or 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene and the reaction can be carried out in a suitable organic solvent from ambient temperature to 150° C.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structures XXXVI and XXXVII can be prepared as shown in Scheme AE.

3-Indolecarboxylic acids of structure AE1 (from Scheme E) can be converted to amides of structure AE2. Compounds of structure AE2 can be activated by any of the standard methods. For example, the acid AE1 can be activated with coupling reagents such as EDCI or DCC with or without HOBt in the presence of ammonia. Alternatively, the acid can be activated as the acid chloride or as the acyl imidazolide as described previously, followed by treatment of ammonia.

The indole-3-carboxamides of structure AE2 can be reacted with substituted aldehydes or ketones (AE3) containing a suitable leaving group L, in a suitable solvent at temperatures above ambient and up to 200° C. The reaction can be performed with or without added base to afford oxazoles of structure XXXVI.

The indole-3-carboxamides of structure AE2 can also be converted to thioamides of structure AE4 by treating the primary amides with Lawesson's reagent or phosphorous pentasulfide at or above ambient temperature in a suitable organic solvent. The resulting thioamides AE4 can be reacted with substituted aldehydes or ketones containing a suitable leaving group L (AE3), in a suitable solvent at temperatures above ambient and up to 150° C. The reaction can be performed with or without added base to afford thiazoles of structure XXXVII.

Compounds of the present invention, represented by structure XXXVIII and XXXIX can be prepared as described in scheme AF below.

3-Ketoindoles of structure AF1 can be halogenated (e.g., brominated) to give compounds of structure AF3. Suitable brominating agents can include but are not limited to phenyltrimethylammonium tribromide (AF2), N-bromosuccinimide or bromine and can be carried out in a variety of organic solvents.

Treatment of compounds AF3 with amides of type AF4 in a suitable solvent at temperatures above ambient and up to 200° C. with or without added base can give oxazoles of structure XXXVIII.

Treatment of compounds AF3 with thioamides of type AF5 in a suitable solvent at temperatures above ambient and up to 150° C. with or without added base can give thiazoles of structure XXXIX.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XL can be prepared as shown in Scheme AG.

Indoles of structure AG1 can be brominated or iodinated to give compounds of structure AG2. Brominating agents may include but are not limited to bromine or N-bromosuccinimide and iodinating reagents may include iodine monochloride or bis-trifluoroacetoxy iodobenzene. Reaction of 3-iodo- or bromoindoles AG2 with a boronic acid AG3 (commonly referred to as a Suzuki reaction) can give the compounds of structure XL. The coupling reactions are carried out by methods known to those skilled in the art and include conducting the reaction in the presence of a catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0), bis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) dichloride or palladium acetate with added phosphine ligand. The reactions are carried out in a suitable solvent, e.g., DMF, toluene, dimethoxy ethane or dioxane at a temperature range of ambient to 150° C. and typically in the presence of a base e.g., aqueous sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate, or the base can be employed under anhydrous conditions, e.g., cesium or potassium fluoride.

Alternatively, indole AG2 can be converted to the indole-3-boronic acid derivative AG5 by reacting the 3-haloindole AG2 with a strong organic base (alkyllithium or Grignard reagent) and reacting the resultant anion with a trialkylborate reagent AG4. Compounds of type AG5 can be reacted with aryl and heteroaryl bromides and iodides under similar conditions to those described above to form compounds of structure XL.

Compounds of the present invention, represented by structure XLI can be prepared as described in scheme AH below.

3-iodo- or bromoindoles of structure AH1 can be reacted with alkenes AH2 in the presence of a palladium catalyst (commonly referred to as the Heck reaction) to give compounds of type XLI. The coupling reactions can be carried out by methods known to those skilled in the art. The choice of catalyst and solvents are similar to those described in Scheme AG.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XLII can be prepared as shown in Scheme AI.

3-Iodo- or bromoindoles of structure AI1 can be reacted with acetylenes AI2 in the presence of a palladium catalyst (commonly referred to as the Sonagashira reaction) to give compounds of type XLII. The coupling reactions can be carried out by methods known to those skilled in the art. A typical set of reaction conditions includes reacting the indole of structure AI1 with an acetylene compound AI2 in the presence of a source of palladium, a copper co-catalyst and an amine source and carrying out the reaction at a temperature range of ambient to 150° C.

Compounds of the present invention, represented by structure XLIII and XLIV can be prepared as described in scheme AJ below.

Nitroanilines of structure AJ1 can be converted to indoles of structure XLIII by condensation and cyclization with nitriles of structure AJ2. The reaction can be carried out in a suitable organic solvent, e.g., DMF or dioxane. Treatment of compounds of structure XLIII with a base followed by reaction with a reactive functional group R₉ containing a suitable leaving group L can give the compounds of formula XLIV.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XLV-XLVIII can be prepared as shown in Scheme AK.

2-aminoindoles of structure XLV can be alkylated with a reactive functional group R₁₅ containing a suitable leaving group L in the presence of a base, e.g., sodium hydride or potassium carbonate in a suitable organic solvent to give compounds of structure XLVI. A second alkylation utilizing a reactive functional group R′₁₅ containing a suitable leaving group L similarly can give compounds of structure XLVII.

Acylation of compounds of structure XLV with acyl chlorides of structure AK1 can give compounds of structure XLVIII. The reaction is typically carried out in the presence of an organic base, e.g., a trialkylamine or an inorganic base, e.g., potassium carbonate in a suitable organic solvent.

Compounds of the present invention, represented by structure XLIX can be prepared as described in scheme AL below.

Indole-3-carboxylic acids of structure AL1 can be activated to give compounds of structure AL2. Compounds of structure AL2 can represent, for example, acyl halides or carboxylic acids activated with a reagent such as dicyclohexyl carbodiimide or diisopropyl carbodiimide. Reaction of compounds of structure AL2 with hydroxyamidines of structure AL3 can give O-acylhydroxyamidines AL4. Hydroxyamidines may be obtained commercially or by treatment of nitrile compounds with hydroxyamine. Heating compounds of structure AL4 in a non-reactive organic solvent, e.g., toluene, dichloroethane or dioxane in a temperature range of 30° C. to 150° C. can give compounds of structure XLIX.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XLX can be prepared as shown in Scheme AM.

Compounds of formula AM1 (in which R₁₇, defined above, is 1-3 substituents placed on the indole) when treated with a base, copper (I) iodide and a substituted amine (Z—NH₂ where Z is defined above) to provide compounds of structure AM2. Acylation with 2-chloroacetyl chloride and a base such as triethylamine in solvents such as but not limited to dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran or toluene at temperatures from ambient to reflux provides intermediate AM3 which is subsequently cyclized to form compounds of structure AM4 employing palladium (II) acetate as catalyst, a phosphine ligand and a base such as triethylamine in solvents such as but not limited to tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide or toluene at temperatures from ambient to reflux. Reduction and elimination with a hydride source such as DIBAL-H in solvents such as but not limited to dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran or toluene at temperatures from 0° C. to reflux provides intermediate AM5. The subsequent steps leading to product XLX are described above.

Compounds of formula I, represented by structure XLXI can be prepared as shown in Scheme AN.

Compounds of formula AN1 can be treated with a triflate source, such as triflic anhydride, and a base, such as pyridine, in solvents such as but not limited to tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane or toluene at temperatures from ambient to reflux to provide intermediate AN2. AN2 can either be directly reacted with palladium (0) and a R₁₂ substituted trialkyl tin compound in the presence of cesium fluoride and copper (I) iodide in solvents such as but not limited to tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide or toluene at temperatures from ambient to reflux to provide product XLXI or reacted in a two step sequence of coupling with a pinacol borane source, such as bis-pinacol diborane, in the presence of palladium (II) and a base, such as potassium acetate, in solvents such as but not limited to tetrahydrofuran, dioxane or toluene at temperatures from ambient to reflux to provide AN3 and then a second coupling with palladium (0), cesium fluoride and an appropriate R₁₂L compound in solvents such as but not limited to tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxy ethane or toluene at temperatures from ambient to reflux would provide XLXI.

C. Methods of the Invention

Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for treating Hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of one or more compound(s) of formula I or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of one of more compound(s) of formula I or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof, as described above.

As used herein, the term “treating” refers to: (i) preventing a disease, disorder or condition from occurring in a subject that may be predisposed to the disease, disorder and/or condition but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (ii) inhibiting a disease, disorder or condition, i.e., arresting its development; and/or (iii) relieving a disease, disorder or condition, i.e., causing regression of the disease, disorder and/or condition.

As used herein, the term “subject” refers to an animal or any living organism having sensation and the power of voluntary movement, and which requires for its existence oxygen and organic food. Nonlimiting examples include members of the human, equine, porcine, bovine, murine, canine and feline species. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal or a warm-blooded vertebrate animal. In other embodiments, the subject is a human. As used herein, the term “patient” may be used interchangeably with “human”.

Without being limited to any particular theory, it is believed that the compounds of the present invention inhibit IRES-mediated initiation, elongation and termination, i.e., translation by interfering with function of the IRES directly and/or with the interaction of the IRES and a cellular and/or viral factor. Thus, another aspect of the invention relates to a method for treating an infection by a wild type virus or a virus that is resistant to a currently available antiviral agent, in a subject in need thereof, wherein the wild type or resistant virus comprises an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of one or more compound(s) of the invention or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of one of more compound(s) of the invention or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof, as described above. Nonlimiting examples of such virus include viruses of the picornavirus genus, such as poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, coxsackievirus and rhinovirus; viruses of the coronaviridae genus, such as SARS; viruses of the arbovirus genus; viruses of the flavivirus genus, such as yellow fever, dengue, and West Nile virus; herpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and other viruses with a similar mode of replication; and HIV, human leukemia viruses (HTLV) and other viruses with a similar mode of translation.

Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a method for inhibiting HCV IRES-mediated initiation, translation and/or replication in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of one or more compound(s) of formula I or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of one of more compound(s) of formula I or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof, as described above.

Some methods of the present invention comprise administering one or more compound(s) of formula I, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compound(s) of formula I wherein:

X is:

-   -   a nitro group;     -   a cyano group;     -   a —COR_(a) group, where R_(a) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or a             halogen, or         -   a dialkyl-amino;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;     -   a formyl group;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy; or     -   a 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one             or more halogen(s), or         -   a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;

Y is:

-   -   a haloalkyl;     -   a halogen;     -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆         alkyl(s);     -   a benzofuran;     -   a benzothiophene;     -   a dibenzofuran;     -   a dibenzothiophene;     -   a benzothiazole;     -   a naphthalene;     -   an indole, optionally substituted on the nitrogen with a C₁ to         C₆ alkyl;

where R_(b) is a hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, and n is 0 or 1;

where R_(c) is a hydrogen, a —CONHR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or an —SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; or

where R_(d) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or a C₆ to C₈ aryl;

-   -   a —NHCOR_(e) group, where R_(e) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   an alkoxy,             -   a cyano group,             -   a nitro group, or             -   a halogen;     -   a —NHCOOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a —CH₂O—R_(f) group, where R_(f) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a —NR_(g)R_(h) group, where R_(g) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or a         hydrogen and R_(h) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted         with an alkoxy;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a C₆ to C₈             aryl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with —COOR_(x),             where R_(x) is as defined above, or         -   an amino group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle optionally substituted with:         -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, or         -   a —NHCOOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the         following:         -   an alkoxy, optionally substituted with:             -   an alkoxy,             -   a hydroxy,             -   one or more halogen(s),             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted                 with:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or                 -   a hydroxy,             -   an amino group optionally substituted with one or more                 C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a —NR_(i)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above                 and R_(i) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a haloalkyl, or                 -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —NR_(j)COR_(k) group, where R_(k) is:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a hydrogen, or                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   and R_(j) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a haloalkyl, or                 -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —N═N⁺═N⁻ group, or             -   a —COR_(l), where R_(l) is a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle                 optionally substituted with a hydroxy,         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s),         -   a nitro group,         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with:             -   a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, or             -   a —NR_(x)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined                 above,         -   a haloalkoxy,         -   a halogen,         -   a hydroxy,         -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a —COR_(m) group, where R_(m) is:             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s), where the one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s)                 is/are optionally substituted with:                 -   a hydroxy                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyls, and/or                 -   an alkoxy,             -   a 3 to 7 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted                 with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a                 dialkyl-amino,             -   a —NHR_(n) group, where R_(n) is:                 -   a —CH₂CONH₂, or                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:                 -    an alkyl,                 -    one or more halogen(s),                 -    a nitro group, or                 -    one or more alkoxy(s),         -   a —NR_(o)COR_(p) group, where R_(p) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   an alkoxy, or                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with a halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with                 one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a hydrogen,

-   -   -   and where R_(o) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl, or             -   a haloalkoxy,         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a haloalkyl,             -   a haloalkoxy, or             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   and where R_(r) is:             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:

-   -   -   -   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a —OR_(S) group, where R_(s) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or                 -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

            -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more                 of the following:                 -   a halogen,                 -   an alkylene,                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, and/or                 -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

            -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

        -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with a C₁ to                     C₆ alkyl or an alkoxy,                 -   an alkylene,                 -   an alkoxy,                 -   an alkyne,                 -   a halogen, or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with:                 -   an alkoxy,                 -   a halogen, or                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,

        -   and R_(t) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl, or             -   a haloalkoxy,

        -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a hydroxy, or                 -   an alkoxy,

        -   and where R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene,             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with a                 halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted                 with:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or

optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, where R_(y) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or hydrogen,

-   -   where R_(z) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally         substituted with a C₆ to C₈ aryl,         -   a —SR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a —SO₂R_(aa) group, where R_(aa) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   an amino group,             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino group optionally substituted                 with a hydroxy or a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as                 defined above,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, and/or         -   a —NHR_(bb) group, where R_(bb) is:

-   -   -   -   a —C(═S)NH₂ group, or             -   a —PO(OR_(x))₂ group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

-   -   group, where R_(cc) is:         -   a naphthalene,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,

-   -   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of             the following:             -   an alkoxy,             -   a hydroxy,             -   a halogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a cyano                 group,             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a —NHPOR_(x)R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a —NR_(ee)CONR_(ff)R_(ff) group, where R_(ee) is a                 hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted                 with a halogen, and R_(ff) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or                 -   a —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a —NR_(gg)COR_(hh) group, where R_(hh) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -    an alkoxy,                 -    a halogen, or                 -    an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s), where the alkyls are optionally                     substituted with a halogen,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,             -   and R_(gg) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy, or                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a haloalkyl,             -   5 or 6 membered heterocycle groups,             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s), and/or             -   a —NR_(ii)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined                 above, and R_(ii) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:         -   an alkoxy,         -   one or more halogen(s), or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one or         more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s);     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or

R is a hydrogen, a halogen or an alkoxy;

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   a hydroxy;     -   a halogen;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   a nitro group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   an alkoxy optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy;     -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with a dialkyl-amino or         a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle; or         R₁ joins together with R₂ to form:

R₂ is:

-   -   a nitro group;     -   a hydrogen;     -   a halogen;     -   a hydroxy group;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with one or more         halogen(s);     -   an amino group;     -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   an —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with an alkoxy,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted             with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl group;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   an amide group optionally substituted with:         -   a hydroxy group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a —NHCOR_(jj) group, where R_(jj) is:         -   an alkoxy, or         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s);     -   a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or         R₂ joins together with R₁ to form:

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen; or     -   —CH₂OCOR_(x), and R_(x) is as defined above.

As used herein, the term “effective amount” refers to the amount required to produce a desired effect. For example, the effective amount may be the amount required to treat a Hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection, the amount required to treat an infection by a virus which comprises an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), the amount required to inhibit HCV IRES-mediated initiation and/or translation, or the amount required to inhibit viral replication or infectivity, in a subject or, more specifically, in a human. In some instances, the desired effect can be determined by analyzing (1) the presence of HCVRNA; (2) the presence of anti-HCV antibodies; (3) the level of serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (ALT and AST are elevated in patients chronically infected with HCV); (4) hepatocellular damage resulting from HCV infection, including steatosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis; (5) hepatocellular carcinoma as a result of chronic HCV infection; and (5) extrahepatic sequelae (non-limiting examples include pruritis, encephalopathies, mental disorders such as anxiety or depression) of infection with HCV or other viruses which contain an IRES element. The effective amount for a subject will depend upon various factors, including the subject's body weight, size and health. Effective amounts for a given patient can be determined by routine experimentation that is within the skill and judgment of the clinician.

For any compound, the effective amount can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays or in relevant animal models, such as chimpanzees, marmosets and tamarins. The animal model may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans. Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity may be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., ED₅₀ (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) and LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population). The dose ratio between therapeutic and toxic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD₅₀/ED₅₀. In some embodiments, the effective amount is such that a large therapeutic index is achieved. In further embodiments, the dosage is within a range of circulating concentrations that include an ED₅₀ with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration.

More specifically, the concentration-biological effect relationships observed with regard to the compound(s) of the present invention indicate an initial target plasma concentration ranging from approximately 0.1 μg/mL to approximately 100 μg/mL, from approximately 1 μg/mL to approximately 50 μg/mL, from approximately 5 μg/mL to approximately 50 μg/mL, or from approximately 10 μg/mL to approximately 25 μg/mL. To achieve such plasma concentrations, the compounds of the invention may be administered at doses that vary from 0.1 μg to 100,000 mg, depending upon the route of administration. Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature and is generally available to practitioners in the art. In general, the dose will be in the range of about 1 mg/day to about 10 g/day, or about 0.1 g to about 3 g/day, or about 0.3 g to about 3 g/day, or about 0.5 g to about 2 g/day, in single, divided, or continuous doses for a patient weighing between about 40 to about 100 kg (which dose may be adjusted for patients above or below this weight range, particularly children under 40 kg).

The exact dosage will be determined by the practitioner, in light of factors related to the subject. Dosage and administration may be adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active agent(s) or to maintain the desired effect. Factors which may be taken into account include the severity of the disease state, general health of the subject, ethinicity, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reaction sensitivities, experience with other HCV therapies, and tolerance/response to therapy. Long-acting pharmaceutical compositions may be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation.

The compounds and compositions of the present invention may be administered to the subject via any drug delivery route known in the art. Nonlimiting examples include oral, ocular, rectal, buccal, topical, nasal, ophthalmic, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraveneous (bolus and infusion), intracerebral, transdermal, and pulmonary routes of administration.

D. Metabolites of the Compounds of the Invention

Also falling within the scope of the present invention are the in vivo metabolic products of the compounds described herein. Such products may result, for example, from the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, esterification and the like of the administered compound,

primarily due to enzymatic processes. Accordingly, the invention includes compounds produced by a process comprising contacting a compound of this invention with a mammalian tissue or a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof. Such products typically are identified by preparing a radio-labeled (e.g. C¹⁴ or H³) compound of the invention, administering it in a detectable dose (e.g., greater than about 0.5 mg/kg) to a mammal such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, or to man, allowing sufficient time for metabolism to occur (typically about 30 seconds to 30 hours), and isolating its conversion products from urine, blood or other biological samples. These products are easily isolated since they are labeled (others are isolated by the use of antibodies capable of binding epitopes surviving in the metabolite). The metabolite structures are determined in conventional fashion, e.g., by MS or NMR analysis. In general, analysis of metabolites may be done in the same way as conventional drug metabolism studies well-known to those skilled in the art. The conversion products, so long as they are not otherwise found in vivo, are useful in diagnostic assays for therapeutic dosing of the compounds of the invention even if they possess no biological activity of their own.

E. Pharmaceutical Compositions of the Invention

Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an effective amount of one or more compound(s) of formula I or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof, as described above; and (ii) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s).

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more compound(s) of formula I wherein:

X is:

-   -   a nitro group;     -   a cyano group;     -   a —COR_(a) group, where R_(a) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or a             halogen, or         -   a dialkyl-amino;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;     -   a formyl group;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy; or     -   a 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one             or more halogen(s), or         -   a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;

Y is:

-   -   a haloalkyl;     -   a halogen;     -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆         alkyl(s);     -   a benzofuran;     -   a benzothiophene;     -   a dibenzofuran;     -   a dibenzothiophene;     -   a benzothiazole;     -   a naphthalene;     -   an indole, optionally substituted on the nitrogen with a C₁ to         C₆ alkyl;

where R_(b) is a hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, and n is 0 or 1;

where R_(c) is a hydrogen, a —CONHR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or an —SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; or

where R_(d) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or a C₆ to C₈ aryl;

-   -   a —NHCOR_(e) group, where R_(e) is:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   an alkoxy,             -   a cyano group,             -   a nitro group, or             -   a halogen;     -   a —NHCOOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a —CH₂O—R_(f) group, where R_(f) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a —NR_(g)R_(h) group, where R_(g) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or a         hydrogen and R_(h) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted         with an alkoxy;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with:         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a C₆ to C₈             aryl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with —COOR_(x),             where R_(x) is as defined above, or         -   an amino group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle optionally substituted with:         -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, or         -   a —NHCOOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the         following:         -   an alkoxy, optionally substituted with:             -   an alkoxy,             -   a hydroxy,             -   one or more halogen(s),             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted                 with:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or                 -   a hydroxy,             -   an amino group optionally substituted with one or more                 C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a —NR_(i)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above                 and R_(i) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a haloalkyl, or                 -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —NR_(j)COR_(k) group, where R_(k) is:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a hydrogen, or                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   and R_(j) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a haloalkyl, or                 -   a haloalkoxy,             -   a —N═N⁺═N⁻ group, or             -   a —COR_(l), where R_(l) is a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle                 optionally substituted with a hydroxy,         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s),         -   a nitro group,         -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with:             -   a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above, or             -   a —NR_(x)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined                 above,         -   a haloalkoxy,         -   a halogen,         -   a hydroxy,         -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a —COR_(m) group, where R_(m) is:             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s), where the C₁ to C₆ alkyls are optionally                 substituted with:                 -   a hydroxy                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),                 -   an alkoxy,             -   a 3 to 7 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted                 with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a                 dialkyl-amino,             -   a —NHR_(n) group, where R_(n) is:                 -   a —CH₂CONH₂, or                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:                 -    an alkyl,                 -    one or more halogen(s),                 -    a nitro group, or                 -    one or more alkoxy(s),         -   a —NR_(o)COR_(p) group, where R_(p) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   an alkoxy, or                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with a halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with                 one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a hydrogen,

-   -   -   and where R_(o) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl, or             -   a haloalkoxy,         -   a —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r) group, where R_(q) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a haloalkyl,             -   a haloalkoxy, or             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   and where R_(r) is:             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with:

-   -   -   -   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a —OR_(S) group, where R_(s) is a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or                 -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

            -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more                 of the following:                 -   a halogen,                 -   an alkylene,                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, and/or                 -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

            -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,

        -   a —NR_(t)COOR_(u) group, where R_(u) is:             -   a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with a C₁ to                     C₆ alkyl or an alkoxy,                 -   an alkylene,                 -   an alkoxy,                 -   an alkyne,                 -   a halogen, or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with:                 -   an alkoxy,                 -   a halogen, or                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,

        -   and R_(t) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl, or             -   a haloalkoxy,

        -   a —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w) group, where R_(v) is:             -   a hydrogen,             -   a —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,                 -   a hydroxy, or                 -   an alkoxy,

        -   and where R_(w) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -   a halogen,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,             -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene,             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with a                 halogen,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted                 with:                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or

optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, where R_(y) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl or hydrogen,

-   -   where R_(z) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally         substituted with a C₆ to C₈ aryl,         -   a —SR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a —SO₂R_(aa) group, where R_(aa) is:             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,             -   an amino group,             -   an alkyl- or dialkyl-amino group optionally substituted                 with a hydroxy or a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as                 defined above,             -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, and/or         -   a —NHR_(bb) group, where R_(bb) is:

-   -   -   -   a —C(═S)NH₂ group, or             -   a —PO(OR_(x))₂ group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

-   -   group, where R_(cc) is:         -   a naphthalene,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,

-   -   -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of             the following:             -   an alkoxy,             -   a hydroxy,             -   a halogen,             -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with a cyano                 group,             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s),             -   a —NHPOR_(x)R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a —NR_(ee)CONR_(ff)R_(ff) group, where R_(ee) is a                 hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted                 with a halogen, and R_(ff) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, or                 -   a —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a —NR_(gg)COR_(hh) group, where R_(hh) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:                 -    an alkoxy,                 -    a halogen, or                 -    an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s),                 -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁                     to C₆ alkyl(s), where the alkyls are optionally                     substituted with a halogen,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle,                 -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,             -   and R_(gg) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy, or                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,             -   a haloalkyl,             -   5 or 6 membered heterocycle groups,             -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to                 C₆ alkyl(s), and/or             -   a —NR_(ii)SO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined                 above, and R_(ii) is:                 -   a hydrogen,                 -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,                 -   a haloalkyl,                 -   a haloalkoxy,                 -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;

Z is:

-   -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with:         -   an alkoxy,         -   one or more halogen(s), or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one or         more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s);     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or

R is a hydrogen, a halogen or an alkoxy;

R₁ is:

-   -   a hydrogen;     -   a hydroxy;     -   a halogen;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   a nitro group;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   an alkoxy optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl, or         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy;     -   a —COR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with a dialkyl-amino or         a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle; or         R₁ joins together with R₂ to form:

R₂ is:

-   -   a nitro group;     -   a hydrogen;     -   a halogen;     -   a hydroxy group;     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, optionally substituted with one or more         halogen(s);     -   an amino group;     -   an alkoxy group optionally substituted with:         -   one or more halogen(s),         -   an —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above,         -   a dialkyl-amino optionally substituted with an alkoxy,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle group optionally substituted             with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl,         -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl group;     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a haloalkyl;     -   an amide group optionally substituted with:         -   a hydroxy group, or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a —OCOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above;     -   a —NHCOR_(jj) group, where R_(jj) is:         -   an alkoxy, or         -   an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆             alkyl(s);     -   a —OR_(kk) group, where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl;     -   a —NHSO₂R_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or         R₂ joins together with R₁ to form:

R₃ is:

-   -   a hydrogen; or     -   —CH₂OCOR_(x), and R_(x) is as defined above;         provided that when X is phenyl, hydroxyphenyl or pyridyl, Y is         alkyl, R is hydrogen, R₁ is hydrogen or hydroxy, R₂ is hydrogen         or hydroxy, and R₃ is hydrogen,         then Z is:     -   a C₁ to C₆ alkyl substituted with:         -   an alkoxy,         -   one or more halogen(s), or         -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl;     -   a C₂ to C₆ alkylene;     -   a C₆ to C₈ aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one or         more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s);     -   a —COOR_(x) group, where R_(x) is as defined above; or

or

or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof.

The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated to achieve a physiologically compatible pH, ranging from a pH of about 3 to a pH of about 11. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated to achieve a pH of about 3 to a pH of about 7. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated to achieve a pH of about 5 to a pH of about 8.

The pharmaceutical composition may comprise a combination of compounds of the present invention, or may include a second active ingredient useful in the treatment of viral infections, such as anti-viral agents that include, but are not limited to: pegylated interferon, including by way of non-limiting example pegylated α-interferon; un-pegylated interferon, including by way of non-limiting example, un-pegylated α-interferon; ribavirin or prodrugs or derivatives thereof; protease inhibitors; polyermase inhibitors; p7 inhibitors; entry inhibitors, including fusion inhibitors such as Fuzeon™ (Trimeris); helicase inhibitors; a Toll-like receptor agonist, a caspase inhibitor, anti-fibrotics; drugs that target IMPDH (inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors), such as Merimepadib™ (Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc.); synthetic thymosin alpha 1 (ZADAXIN™, SciClone Pharmaceuticals Inc.); a glycosidase inhibitor; a glucosidase inhibitor; therapeutic viral vaccines, such as those produced by Chiron and Immunogenics; and immunomodulators, such as histamine, antibodies against HCV, such as XTL-6865 and XTL-002 (XTL Biopharmaceuticals), antisense RNA, ribozymes, RNAi, and anti-HCV agents with unknown mechanism of action.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” refers to an excipient for administration of a pharmaceutical agent, such as the compounds of the present invention. The term refers to any pharmaceutical excipient that may be administered without undue toxicity. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be determined in part by the particular composition being administered, as well as by the particular mode of administration and/or dosage form. Nonlimiting examples of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include carriers, solvents, stabilizers, adjuvants, diluents, etc. Accordingly, there exists a wide variety of suitable formulations of pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences).

Suitable excipients may be carrier molecules that include large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers, and inactive virus particles. Other exemplary excipients include antioxidants such as ascorbic acid; chelating agents such as EDTA; carbohydrates such as dextrin, hydroxyalkylcellulose, hydroxyalkylmethylcellulose, stearic acid; liquids such as oils, water, saline, glycerol and ethanol; wetting or emulsifying agents; pH buffering substances; and the like. Liposomes are also included within the definition of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated in any form suitable for the intended method of administration. Suitable formulations for oral administration include solids, liquid solutions, emulsions and suspensions, while suitable inhalable formulations for pulmonary administration include liquids and powders. Alternative formulations include syrups, creams, ointments, tablets, and lyophilized solids which can be reconstituted with a physiologically compatible solvent prior to administration.

When intended for oral use for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oil suspensions, non-aqueous solutions, dispersible powders or granules (including micronized particles or nanoparticles), emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups or elixirs may be prepared. Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions, and such compositions may contain one or more agents including sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide a palatable preparation.

Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients suitable for use in conjunction with tablets include, for example, inert diluents, such as celluloses, calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium or sodium phosphate; disintegrating agents, such as croscarmellose sodium, cross-linked povidone, maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as povidone, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.

Formulations for oral use may be also presented as hard gelatin capsules where the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example celluloses, lactose, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with non-aqueous or oil medium, such as glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

In other embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated as suspensions comprising one or more compound(s) of the present invention in admixture with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient suitable for the manufacture of a suspension. In yet other embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated as dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of a suspension by the addition of one or more excipient(s).

Excipients suitable for use in connection with suspensions include suspending agents, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcelluose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth, gum acacia, dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g., lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g., heptadecaethyleneoxycethanol), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate); and thickening agents, such as carbomer, beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. The suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives such as acetic acid, methyl and/or n-propyl p-hydroxy-benzoate; one or more coloring agents; one or more flavoring agents; and one or more sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, such as olive oil or arachis oil, a mineral oil, such as liquid paraffin, or a mixture of these. Suitable emulsifying agents include naturally-occurring gums, such as gum acacia and gum tragacanth; naturally occurring phosphatides, such as soybean lecithin, esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids; hexitol anhydrides, such as sorbitan monooleate; and condensation products of these partial esters with ethylene oxide, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsion may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents. Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, such as glycerol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, a flavoring or a coloring agent.

Additionally, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, such as a sterile injectable aqueous emulsion or oleaginous suspension. Such emulsion or suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution in 1,2-propane-diol. The sterile injectable preparation may also be prepared as a lyophilized powder. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile fixed oils may be employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid may likewise be used in the preparation of injectables.

The compounds of the invention may be substantially insoluble in water and sparingly soluble in most pharmaceutically acceptable protic solvents and vegetable oils, but generally soluble in medium-chain fatty acids (e.g., caprylic and capric acids) or triglycerides and in propylene glycol esters of medium-chain fatty acids. Thus, contemplated in the invention are compounds which have been modified by substitutions or additions of chemical or biochemical moieties which make them more suitable for delivery (e.g., increase solubility, bioactivity, palatability, decrease adverse reactions, etc.), for example by esterification, glycosylation, PEGylation, etc.

In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is formulated for oral administration in a lipid-based composition suitable for low solubility compounds. Lipid-based formulations can generally enhance the oral bioavailability of such compounds. As such, pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may comprise a effective amount of one or more compound(s) of the invention, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient selected from medium chain fatty acids or propylene glycol esters thereof (e.g., propylene glycol esters of edible fatty acids such as caprylic and capric fatty acids) and pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants, such as polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil.

In alternative embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may further comprise one or more aqueous solubility enhancer(s), such as a cyclodextrin. Nonlimiting examples of cyclodextrin include hydroxypropyl, hydroxyethyl, glucosyl, maltosyl and maltotriosyl derivatives of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBC). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises about 0.1% to about 20% hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, about 1% to about 15% hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, or about 2.5% to about 10% hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. The amount of solubility enhancer employed may depend on the amount of the compound of the present invention in the composition.

F. Combination Therapy

It is also possible to combine any compound of the present invention with one or more other active ingredients useful in the treatment of HCV infection, including compounds, in a unitary dosage form, or in separate dosage forms intended for simultaneous or sequential administration to a patient in need of treatment. When administered sequentially, the combination may be administered in two or more administrations. In an alternative embodiment, it is possible to administer one or more compounds of the present invention and one or more additional active ingredients by different routes.

The skilled artisan will recognize that a variety of active ingredients may be administered in combination with the compounds of the present invention that may act to augment or synergistically enhance the viral inhibiting activity of the compounds of the invention. Such active ingredients include anti-HCV agents. Anti-HCV agents include agents that target the virus as well as agents that have an immunomodulatory effect. For example, anti-HCV agents include, but are not limited to, interferon, including, for example without limitation, IFN-α, ribavirin or prodrugs or derivatives thereof; protease inhibitors, polymerase inhibitors, helicase inhibitors, a Toll-like receptor agonist, a caspase inhibitor and a glycosidase inhibitor, antibodies against HCV, such as XTL-6865 and XTL-002 (XTL Biopharmaceuticals), antisense RNA, ribozymes, RNAi, and anti-HCV agents with unknown mechanism of action. Furthermore, the compounds of the invention may also be administered in combination with other compounds that affect IRES activity.

According to the methods of the invention, the combination of active ingredients may be: (1) co-formulated and administered or delivered simultaneously in a combined formulation; (2) delivered by alternation or in parallel as separate formulations; or (3) by any other combination therapy regimen known in the art. When delivered in alternation therapy, the methods of the invention may comprise administering or delivering the active ingredients sequentially, e.g., in separate solution, emulsion, suspension, tablets, pills or capsules, or by different injections in separate syringes. In general, during alternation therapy, an effective dosage of each active ingredient is administered sequentially, i.e., serially, whereas in simultaneous therapy, effective dosages of two or more active ingredients are administered together. Various sequences of intermittent combination therapy may also be used.

To assist in understanding the present invention, the following Examples are included. The experiments relating to this invention should not, of course, be construed as specifically limiting the invention and such variations of the invention, now known or later developed, which would be within the purview of one skilled in the art are considered to fall within the scope of the invention as described herein and hereinafter claimed.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific embodiments of the present invention may be directed to one, some or all of the above-indicated aspects as well as other aspects, and may encompass one, some or all of the above- and below-indicated embodiments, as well as other embodiments.

Other than in the working examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, such numbers are approximations that may vary depending upon the-desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should be construed in light of the number of significant digits and ordinary rounding techniques.

While the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the working examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is described in more detail with reference to the following non-limiting examples, which are offered to more fully illustrate the invention, but are not to be construed as limiting the scope thereof. The examples illustrate the preparation of certain compounds of the invention, and the testing of these compounds in vitro and/or in vivo. Those of skill in the art will understand that the techniques described in these examples represent techniques described by the inventors to function well in the practice of the invention, and as such constitute preferred modes for the practice thereof. However, it should be appreciated that those of skill in the art should in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific methods that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Example 1 Preparation of Compounds of the Invention Example 1A Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 5)

Step A: A solution of 6-methoxyindole (10.0 g, 68.0 mmol) in DMF (120 mL) is cooled to 0° C. and treated with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (7.72 mL, 88.4 mmol). After the addition, the reaction mixture is stirred at this temperature for 1 h. The dark solution is poured into ice water (600 mL) and the light brown solid is collected by filtration, washed with additional H₂O and dried to afford 9.9 g (85%) of 6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as a light brown solid. Step B: To a solution of 6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (9.9 g, 57.6 mmol) in DMF (150 mL) is added NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 3.45 g, 86.3 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred for 15 min and then ethyl iodide (5.53 mL, 69.1 mmol) is added and the mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is then diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic phases are washed with H₂O (3×) and saturated NaCl and then dried and concentrated to a semi-solid. The crude product is purified via column chromatography on silica gel (200 g) using CH₂Cl₂/hexanes (50-100%) as eluent to yield 6-methoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as a tan solid.

Utilizing steps A and B above and substituting different indoles and alkyl halides gives the following compounds: Compounds 43, 45, 51, 52, 108, 109, 115, 118, 120, 123, 126, 179 and 714.

Example 1B Preparation of 6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 9)

Step A: To a solution of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (2.85 g, 14.2 mmol), prepared by example 1A, step B, in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) is added a 1M solution of BBr₃ in CH₂Cl₂ (28.5 mL, 28.5 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and kept for 2.5 h. The dark reaction mixture is then poured onto ice and sufficient 1M NaOH is added until the pH is 8-9. The product is extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×) and the combined organic phases are washed with saturated NaHCO₃, H₂O and saturated NaCl. After drying over MgSO₄, the solution is concentrated and the product is purified by chromatography (EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂, 0-10%) to afford 2.15 g (82%) of 6-hydroxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as a yellow solid.

Step B: To a solution 6-hydroxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (80 mg, 0.43 mmol) in 5 mL of methyl ethyl ketone is added anhydrous K₂CO₃ (71 mg, 0.52 mmol) and iodoethane (0.05 mL, 0.60 mmol). After stirring overnight at reflux, the reaction mixture is cooled, diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases are dried and concentrated. Flash chromatography (CH₂Cl₂) gives 94 mg (100%) of 6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as a white wax.

In similar fashion, following steps A and B, above, the following compounds are also prepared: Compounds 6, 10, 11, 12 and 24

Example 1C Preparation of 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indole-7-carbonitrile (compound 44)

A mixture of p-iodoanisole (85 mg, 0.36 mmol), anhydrous K₃PO₄ (102 mg, 0.48 mmol), CuI (4.6 mg, 0.024 mmol) and N,N′-Dimethyl cyclohexane-1,2-diamine (14 mg, 0.096 mmol) is added to 5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indole-7-carbonitrile (45 mg, 0.24 mmol), prepared as described by the method of example 1A, step A, in anhydrous toluene (0.4 mL). After heating at reflux for 24 h, the solvent is evaporated under vacuum. The residue is dissolved with CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and the mixture is filtered. The filtrate is concentrated to afford crude product, which is purified by silica gel chromatography using EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:4) as eluent to yield 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indole-7-carbonitrile.

Utilizing the procedure above and substituting different aryl iodides gives the following compounds: Compounds 4, 8, 102, 103, 111, 112, 117, 119, 124, 125, 127, 154.

Example 1D Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-(pyrazin-2-yloxy)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 13)

To a solution of 1-ethyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (60 mg, 0.32 mmol) prepared as described in example 1A, step A, in DMF (5 mL) is added K₂CO₃ (55 mg, 0.40 mmol) and 2-chloropyridazine (45 mg, 0.40 mmol). The mixture is heated at 110° C. for 18 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture is diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases are washed with H₂O and saturated NaCl, dried and concentrated. The product is isolated by chromatography (EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂, 1-3%) over silica gel to afford 76 mg (96%) of the title compound, 1-ethyl-6-(pyrazin-2-yloxy)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, as an off-white solid.

Example 1E Preparation of 3-cyano-1-ethyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid phenylamide (compound 15)

Step A: A solution of methyl 3-cyano-1-ethyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylate (1.60 g, 7.02 mmol), prepared by the method described in example 1A from methyl 1H-indole-6-carboxylate, in THF (35 mL) is treated with 1N NaOH (7.7 mL, 7.7 mmol) and heated at reflux for 2.5 h. After cooling to room temperature, most of the THF is removed and the solution is diluted with H₂O and extracted with ether (2×). The ether extracts are discarded. The aqueous phase is then acidified with 6N HCl to pH 2 and then extracted with EtOAc (3×). The EtOAc layers are combined, washed with saturated NaCl and then dried and concentrated to afford 1.43 g (95%) of 3-cyano-1-ethyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid as a white solid.

Step B: A suspension of 3-cyano-1-ethyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid (0.42 g, 1.96 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) is cooled to 0° C. The suspension is treated with DMF (2 drops) and then oxalyl chloride (0.34 mL, 3.92 mmol) is added via syringe during 2 minutes after which the ice bath is removed and the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to ambient temperature during 1.5 h during which time the reaction becomes a yellow solution. The solution is then concentrated in vacuo to afford 0.46 g (quantitative yield) of 3-cyano-1-ethyl-1H-indole-6-carbonyl chloride as a yellow solid.

Step C: A suspension of 3-cyano-1-ethyl-1H-indole-6-carbonyl chloride (70 mg, 0.30 mmol) in THF (5 mL) is cooled to 0° C. and treated with aniline (0.08 mL, 0.90 mmol). After the addition, the reaction is warmed to ambient temperature and after stirring for an additional 16 hours, the reaction mixture is diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organic phases are washed with saturated NaCl and then dried and concentrated to afford the product. Chromatography (EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂, 2/98) over silica gel gives 44 mg (51%) of 3-cyano-1-ethyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid phenylamide.

Utilizing essentially the procedure above gives the following compound: Compound 89.

Example 1F Preparation of t-butyl (3-cyano-1-ethyl-1H-indol-6-yl)-carbamate (compound 16)

A solution of 3-cyano-1-ethyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid (0.60 g, 2.80 mmol) from Example 1E, step A, in t-butanol (20 mL) is treated with Et₃N (0.46 mL, 3.36 mmol) and diphenylphosphoryl azide (0.73 mL, 3.36 mmol) and then heated at reflux for 4 h. After cooling to room temperature, most of the t-butanol is removed in vacuo to give an oil, which is then dissolved in EtOAc. After washing with H₂O, the organic phase is back-extracted with EtOAc and the organic layers are combined and washed sequentially with additional H₂O, saturated NaHCO₃ and saturated NaCl. The organic phase is dried, concentrated and the resulting crude product is purified by chromatography over silica gel using EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (0-1%) to afford 0.52 g (65%) of t-butyl (3-cyano-1-ethyl-1H-indol-6-yl)-carbamate as a white solid.

The following compound is made in similar fashion: Compound 90.

Example 1Ga Preparation of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile via Suzuki route (compound 55)

Step A: A 2M solution of lithium diisopropyl amide in THF/hexanes (Acros) (3.9 mL, 7.8 mmol) is diluted with THF (5 mL) in a flame-dried flask. After cooling the reaction to −30° C., a solution of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (1.30 g, 6.5 mmol) in THF (10 mL) is added dropwise during 10 min, maintaining the temperature at −30° C. After stirring for an additional 30 min at this temperature, a solution of iodine (2.31 g, 9.1 mmol) in THF (5 mL) is added during 10 min. After the addition, the reaction is warmed to ambient temperature during 1 h. The reaction is then diluted with ice-H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organic phases are washed with 1M sodium thiosulfate and saturated NaCl and then concentrated to a brown solid. Chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/hexanes, 1/1) over silica gel gives 1.31 g (62%) of 1-ethyl-2-iodo-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as an off-white solid.

Step B: A mixture of 1-ethyl-2-iodo-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (1.25 g, 3.83 mmol), 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl)-1,3-2-dioxaboralanyl-2-yl-aniline (0.96 g, 4.90 mmol), CsF (1.46 g, 9.58 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (110 mg, 0.15 mmol) in DME (20 mL) is added to a flask and alternatively evacuated and flushed with N₂. The reaction is then heated at reflux for 24 h and then cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture is diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organic phases are washed with H₂O and saturated NaCl and then dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude reaction mix is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (5/95) as eluent to afford 765 mg (69%) of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as a yellow solid.

Utilizing essentially the same procedure described above and substituting different boronic acids gives the following compounds: Compounds 19, 20, 21, 22, 53, 63, 70, 71, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 100, 110, 229, 239, 240, 247, 250, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 347, 348, 426, 427, 428, 429, 476, 543, 578, 758.

Example 1Gb Preparation of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-butyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile via alternative Suzuki route

To a solution of (i-Pr)₂NH (1.35 mL, 9.65 mmol) in THF (30 mL) cooled to −78° C. is added n-BuLi (3.7 mL, 2.5M in hexanes, 9.21 mmol) in one portion. The acetone/dry ice bath is exchanged for ice/water bath and the solution is stirred further for 40 min. The solution is cooled to −78° C. and solution of 1-butyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, prepared as in example 1A (2.0 g, 8.77 mmol) in THF (10 mL) is added dropwise. This solution is stirred for 15 min at −78° C., following by 20 min at −20° C. Trimethyl borate (1.0 mL, 8.77 mmol) is added, the reaction mixture is stirred for 15 min at −20° C. after which the cooling bath is removed and this solution is stirred further at room temperature for 1 h. A solution of K₃PO₄ is added (11.7 mL, 3M aqueous solution, 35.1 mmol) followed by a solution of 4-iodoaniline (2.5 g, 11.40 mmol) and PdCl₂dppf catalyst (640 mg, 0.88 mmol) in DMF (40 mL, plus a 5 mL rinse). The reaction mixture is stirred overnight (ca. 18 h) and then water (80 mL) is added and the product is extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic fractions are dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product is purified via flush chromatography on silica gel (5→60% EtOAc/Hexanes as eluant) to afford the desired 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-butyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as a tan solid (2.4 g, 86% yield).

The following compounds are prepared in similar fashion utilizing other indole and aryl and hereroaryl bromides and iodides: Compounds 656, 659, 660, 661, 682, 683, 712, 731, 732, 733, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 827.

Example 1Gc Preparation of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-methoxy-1-propyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile via Negishi route

A nitrogen-purged flask fitted with a septum and a nitrogen needle is charged with dry THF (all additions performed by syringe) (20 mL). Diisopropylamine (Aldrich Sure-Seal, 2.00 mL, 14.3 mmol) is added, and the solution is cooled to 0° C. n-Butyllithium (8.50 mL of 1.6 M solution in hexane, 13.6 mmol) is added slowly. The flask is allowed to warm to room temperature briefly, and then is cooled to −78° C. A concentrated THF solution of 6-methoxy-1-propyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (2.77 g, 12.9 mmol; prepared analogously to compound 5 of Example 1A) is added slowly, and the resulting solution is maintained at −78° C. for 30 min. The flask is then transferred to a water-ice bath and allowed to come to 0° C. for about 15 minutes. The solution is once again cooled to −78° C., and ZnCl₂ (0.5 M solution in THF, 27.0 mL, 13.5 mmol) is slowly added. A precipitate is observed at this point, which may be the bis(indole)zinc compound, but the solution becomes homogeneous when the entire volume of zinc chloride solution is added. After about 10 minutes, the solution is allowed to come to room temperature, and a THF solution (5 mL) of 4-iodoaniline (3.47 g, 15.8 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (338 mg, 1.29 mmol) is added. The septum is removed, and solid Pd₂(dba)₃ (295 mg, 0.322 mmol) is added. A reflux condenser is fitted to the flask, and the solution is degassed by three successive cycles of vacuum pumping/N₂ purging. The solution is then heated to reflux overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the solution is poured into 4 volumes of water, and 4 volumes of ethyl acetate are added. The resulting mixture is vigorously stirred for 30 minutes, then filtered through celite (with ethyl acetate washing) to remove solid Zn- and Pd-containing material. The phases are separated, and the aqueous phase is extracted with more ethyl acetate. The organic phases are washed in sequence with saturated brine, combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. A solid precipitate forms at this point, which is sufficiently pure product and is collected by trituration with ether and filtration. The remaining material is purified by column chromatography (eluting 1:2 ethyl acetate-hexane on silica gel 60). Total yield of the product, 2-(4-amino-phenyl)-6-methoxy-1-propyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, is 2.75 g (8.99 mmol, 70%).

The following compounds are made using essentially the same procedure and substituting other aryl or heteroaryl iodides or bromides: Compounds 393, 408, 430, 431, 436, 437, 438, 459, 460, 461, 462, 483, 484, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 650, 651.

Example 1Gd Preparation of 1-ethyl-2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (Compound 288)

Step A: A solution of THF (60 mL) and diisopropylamine (5.5 mL, 39 mmol) is cooled to −78° C. n-Butyllithium (14.5 mL, 2.5M in hexanes, 36.2 mmol) is added dropwise over 5 minutes. The LDA mixture is stirred at −78° C. for 10 minutes, and then at 0° C. for 20 minutes. The solution is re-cooled to −78° C. 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (5.0 g, 25 mmol), prepared as in example 1A, is taken up in THF (30 mL) and added dropwise to the LDA mixture over 15 minutes. The reaction is stirred at −78° C. for 10 minutes, and at 0° C. for 30 minutes. Once again, the reaction mixture is cooled to −78° C. Tributyltin iodide (10 mL, 35 mmol) is added dropwise. This is stirred at −78° C. for 15 minutes, and then at 0° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture is absorbed onto silica gel and concentrated. Purification by chromatography (CH₂Cl₂) yields 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-tributylstannanyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (12.05 g, 98%).

Step B: 1-Ethyl-6-methoxy-2-tributylstannanyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (1.0 g, 2.05 mmol), prepared in step A, is combined with 3-iodophenol (474 mg, 2.15 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (67 mg, 0.102 mmol), CuI (75 mg, 0.39 mmol) and THF (4.0 mL). This mixture is heated at 65° C. overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted in EtOAc, and is filtered through celite. The filtrate is concentrated and the residue is purified by silica gel chromatography (4:1, CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) to yield crude product. Ether trituration yields 1-ethyl-2-(3-hydroxy-phenyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (430 mg, 72%) as a yellow-white solid.

The following compounds are prepared similarly as above, using other commercially available iodides and bromides, or using iodides derived from a one step amidation of p-iodophenylsulfonyl chloride: Compounds 275, 276, 277, 278, 331, 363, 364, 373, 374, 375, 474, 475, 678.

Example 1Ge Preparation of ethanesulfonic acid [4-(3-cyano-6-difluoromethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-amide via Heck route (compound 519)

Step A: A solution of 6-difluoromethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole (402.8 mg, 2.04 mmol), ethanesulfonic acid (4-iodo-phenyl)-amide (712.1 mg, 2.29 mmol), cesium carbonate (733.2 mg, 3.82 mmol), triphenylphosphine (33.1 mg, 0.13 mmol) and palladium acetate (5.7 mg, 0.025 mmol) in DMF (5 ml) is heated to 135° C. for 48 h. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic phases are washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and then concentrated. The residue is purified via column chromatography on silica gel (25 g) using EtOAc/Hexanes (10-20%) as eluent to afford 298.2 mg (37.1% yield) of ethanesulfonic acid [4-(6-difluoromethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-iodo-2-yl)-phenyl]-amide, compound 516, as a light brown solid.

Step B: Following the procedure 1A, step A, ethanesulfonic acid [4-(6-difluoromethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-iodo-2-yl)-phenyl]-amide is converted to ethanesulfonic acid [4-(3-cyano-6-difluoromethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-amide, compound 519.

Following steps A and B above, the following compounds are prepared in similar fashion: Compounds 343, 344, 345, 346, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 515, 517, 518, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 575, 577, 579, 580, 611, 612, 613, 614

Example 1H Preparation of 1-ethyl-2-(4-fluorophenylethynyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 67)

A mixture of 1-ethyl-2-iodo-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (150 mg, 0.46 mmol), prepared as described in example 1Ga, step A, 4-fluorophenylacetylene (80 mg, 0.0.69 mmol), bis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) dichloride (6 mg, 0.009 mmol) and CuI (4 mg, 0.018 mmol) is added to a sealable tube and alternately evacuated and flushed with N₂. To the tube is then added DMF (4 mL) and Et₃N (0.25 mL, 1.84 mmol) and the reaction is heated at 80° C. for 20 h and then cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture is diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organic phases are washed with H₂O (3×) and saturated NaCl and then dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The crude reaction mix is absorbed on silica gel (0.6 g) and chromatographed over silica gel using EtOAc/hexanes (10-20%) as eluent to afford 120 mg (82%) of 1-ethyl-2-(4-fluorophenylethynyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as a yellow solid.

Utilizing essentially the same procedure described above and substituting different acetylene derivatives gives the following compounds: Compounds 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 158, 159, 160, 161, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 223, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238.

Example 1I Preparation of 1-ethyl-3-(5-ethyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-6-methoxy-1H-indole (compound 28)

Step A: A solution of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (1.00 g, 5.00 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) is treated with a 50% aqueous solution of hydroxyamine (0.38 mL, 6.25 mmol) and heated at reflux for 18 h. After cooling to room temperature, the heterogeneous mixture is filtered to afford 525 mg of desired product as a tan solid. The filtrate is concentrated to an oil, which is then dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and chromatographed over silica gel using EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (15-50%) to afford an additional 295 mg of product as a tan solid. Total yield of 1-ethyl-N-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carboxamidine is 820 mg (70%).

Step B: The N-hydroxycarboxamidine above (50 mg, 0.21 mmol), polystyrene-diisopropylethylamine 165 mg, 3.90 mmol/g loading) and propionyl chloride (0.03 mL, 0.32 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) are placed in a tube and rotated for 22 h at room temperature. After this time, trisamine resin (77 mg, 2.71 mmol/g loading) is then added and the tube rotated for an additional 30 min at room temperature. Solids are filtered and then the filtrate is concentrated and diluted with toluene (5 mL) and heated at 110° C. overnight. The crude reaction mixture is concentrated and purified by chromatography (EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂, 2/98) to afford 27 mg (46%) of 1-ethyl-3-(5-ethyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-6-methoxy-1H-indole as a white solid.

The following compound is prepared utilizing the above procedure with substitution of the appropriate acyl halide: Compound 29.

Example 1J Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-3-(5-ethyl-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl)-1H-indole (compound 54)

Step A: A mixture of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (1.00 g, 5.00 mmol) in toluene (30 mL) is treated with triethylamine hydrochloride (1.03 g, 7.50 mmol) and sodium azide (0.49 g, 7.50 mmol) and is heated at reflux for 16 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture is diluted with saturated NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer is then washed with additional NaHCO₃ (2×). The combined aqueous phases are acidified to pH 2 with 6N HCl. The resultant thick precipitate is extracted with hot EtOAc (3×) and the combined organic phases are washed with saturated NaCl and dried and concentrated to give 0.55 g (45%) of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-indole as a yellow solid.

Step B: A suspension of the tetrazole above (50 mg, 0.21 mmol) and propionyl chloride (0.03 mL, 0.31 mmol) in dichloroethane (5 mL) is heated at reflux for 21 h. After cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature, polystyrene trisamine resin (70 mg, 3.4 meq/g) is added and the reaction is rotated for 4 h at room temperature. After filtering off the resin, and removal of the solvent, the crude product is absorbed on silica gel and the product is isolated by silica gel chromatography (EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂, 5-10%) to afford 30 mg (53%) of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-3-(5-ethyl-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl)-1H-indole as a tan solid.

Example 1K Preparation of ethyl 5-difluoromethoxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylate (compound 49)

Freon-22 (HCF₂Cl) gas is bubbled into a solution of ethyl 5-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylate (250 mg, 0.77 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) at 0° C. containing a small amount of tetrabutylammonium bromide as a phase transfer catalyst. A 50% solution of NaOH is added dropwise at 0° C. After the addition, the mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. After the addition of H₂O, the organic phase is separated and washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent is then concentrated and the residue is purified by column chromatography over silica gel using EtOAc/petroleum ether (1/2) as eluent to yield the desired product in 40% yield.

The following compounds are prepared utilizing the above procedure with substitution of the appropriate hydroxyindole: Compounds 18, 46, and 50.

Example 1L Preparation of 1-[5-methoxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-H-indol-3-yl]-ethanone (compound 42)

5-Methoxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-H-indole (50 mg, 0.2 mmol), prepared by the method of example 1C, is dissolved in 1 mL of CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. Et₂AlCl (300 μL, 1M in hexanes, 0.3 mmol) is then added. After stirring at 0° C. for 30 min, a solution of acetyl chloride (22 μL, 0.3 mmol) in 1 mL of CH₂Cl₂ is added dropwise. This is stirred at 0° C. for a further 90 min. The reaction mixture is quenched with H₂O and is extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (5/95) yields the title compound as a white solid (42 mg, 71%).

Utilizing essentially the same procedure described above and substituting different acyl chlorides, the following compounds are prepared: Compounds 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 47, 48.

Example 1M Preparation of 1-ethyl-3-isoxazol-3-yl-6-methoxy-1-H-indole (compound 57)

Step A: A mixture of 1-(1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1-H-indole-3-yl)ethanone (200 mg, 0.92 mmol), prepared from 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole by the procedure described in example 1L, hydroxyamine hydrochloride (128 mg, 1.84 mmol), NaOAc (151 mg, 1.84 mmol) and EtOH (7 mL) is heated at 85° C. for 4 h. The reaction mixture is then partitioned between H₂O and EtOAc. The organic phase is dried and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography using EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (1/9) yields 1-(1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1-H-indole-3-yl)ethanone oxime as a white solid (189 mg, 92%).

Step B: 1-(1-Ethyl-6-methoxy-1-H-indole-3-yl)ethanone oxime (100 mg, 0.43 mmol) is dissolved in THF (900 μL) at 0° C. n-BuLi (450 μL, 2.5 M in hexanes, 1.12 mol) is added dropwise, resulting in instant precipitation of solids. DMF (70 μL, 0.9 mol) in 260 μL, of THF is then added dropwise. This is stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, then at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture is pipetted into a mixture containing 1 mL of H₂O, 1 mL of THF, and 100 μL, of concentrated H₂SO₄. This mixture is heated at 75° C. for 1 h and then is partitioned between H₂O and EtOAc. The organic phase is dried and concentrated. Purification by column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂) yields 1-ethyl-3-isoxazol-3-yl-6-methoxy-1-H-indole product as a white solid (13 mg, 12%).

Example 1N Preparation of 1-ethyl-3-isoxazol-5-yl-6-methoxy-1H-indole (compound 58)

1-(1-Ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanone (100 mg, 0.46 mmol), prepared from 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole by the procedure described in example 1L, is heated with 1.5 mL of dimethylformamide dimethylacetal and 100 μL of pyrrolidine at 110° C. overnight. The dimethylformamide dimethylacetal is then concentrated in vacuo. The residue is redissolved in 1.25 mL of EtOH and 250 μL of H₂O, and is treated with hydroxyamine hydrochloride (66 mg, 0.95 mmol) and heated at 80° C. for 2 h. Partitioning between H₂O and EtOAc and drying and concentration of the organic phase followed by purification by silica gel chromatography (EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂, 5/95) gives 1-ethyl-3-isoxazol-5-yl-6-methoxy-1H-indole as a white solid (72 mg, 66%).

Utilizing essentially the same procedure described above, the following compound is prepared: Compound 60.

Example 1O Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-3-(2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1H-indole (compound 59)

1-(1-Ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethanone (100 mg, 0.46 mmol), prepared from 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole by the procedure described in example 1L, is heated with 1.5 mL of dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal and 100 μL pyrrolidine at 110° C. overnight. The DMF dimethyl acetal is removed in vacuo. The residue is redissolved in 3 mL of acetic acid, hydrazine hydrate (70 μL, 1.38 mmol) is added, and the mixture is heated to 100° C. for 2 h. The acetic acid is removed in vacuo, and the residue is partitioned between EtOAc and saturated NaHCO₃. The organic phase is dried and concentrated and the product purified by silica gel chromatography (EtOAc/Hex, 1/1) to give 59 mg of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-3-(2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1H-indole (54%) as a colorless semisolid. Trituration in Et₂O gives a white crystalline powder.

The following compound is prepared utilizing the above procedure: Compound 61.

Example 1P Preparation of methyl 1-ethyl-3-oxazol-5-yl-1H-indole-6-carboxylate (compound 72)

Step A: 1-Ethyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid methyl ester (900 mg, 4.45 mmol) is dissolved in DMF (3.3 mL). This is added dropwise to an ice-cold solution of POCl₃ (430 μL, 4.5 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 90 minutes. The reaction mixture is then treated with 6N NaOH (3.5 ml). The mixture is then partitioned between H₂O and ethyl acetate. Purification by silica gel chromatography (5-10% EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂) yields 1-ethyl-3-formyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid methyl ester (985 mg, 96%) as a white solid.

Step B: 1-Ethyl-3-formyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid methyl ester (100 mg, 0.42 mmol), TOSMIC (100 mg, 0.52 mmol), K₂CO₃ (178 mg, 1.29 mmol), and MeOH (800 μL) are heated at 80° C. overnight. The reaction mixture is then partitioned between H₂O and ether. After drying and concentrating the organic phase, the product is purified by silica gel chromatography (EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂, 10/90) to give methyl 1-ethyl-3-oxazol-5-yl-1H-indole-6-carboxylate (26 mg, 23%) as an off-white solid.

Example 1Q Preparation of methyl 1-ethyl-3-oxazol-2-yl-1H-indole-6-carboxylate (compound 75)

Step A: 1-Ethyl-3-formyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid methyl ester (800 mg, 3.5 mmol), prepared as shown in example 1P, step A, is dissolved in acetone (98 mL). A solution of KMnO₄ (655 mg, 4.15 mmol) in H₂O (31 mL) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 90 minutes. Another addition of KMnO₄ (108 mg) in H₂O (6 mL), followed by stirring for another 45 minutes is required to drive the reaction to completion. The reaction mixture is then quenched with 10% H₂O₂ (1.5 mL). The mixture is filtered through celite. The filtrate is stripped down under vacuum to roughly 1/3 of the volume. The residue is acidified with 6N HCl, and is extracted into ethyl acetate. The solids isolated from the ethyl acetate layer are triturated with acetone to yield 1-ethyl-1H-indole-3,6-dicarboxylic acid 6-methyl ester (696 mg, 79%) as a light orange solid.

Step B: 1-Ethyl-1H-indole-3,6-dicarboxylic acid 6-methyl ester (600 mg, 2.43 mmol) is suspended in a solution of CH₂Cl₂ (27 ml) and DMF (20 μL). Oxalyl chloride (470 μL, 5.38 mmol) is added, and the reaction mixture is stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. This mixture is then slowly poured into a rapidly stirring solution of concentrated NH₄OH (10 mL). This is then partitioned in H₂O and EtOAc. The residue from the ethyl acetate layer is triturated with acetone to yield 6-methoxycarbonyl-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide (511 mg, 85%) as a white solid.

Step C: A mixture of 150 mg (0.61 mmol) of 6-methoxycarbonyl-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide in diglyme (3.6 mL), and bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (430 μL, 3.7 mmol) is heated at 125° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture is cooled and partitioned in H₂O and EtOAc. The organic phase is dried and concentrated and the product is purified by silica gel chromatography (EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ 5-10%). The product containing fractions are combined and concentrated and the solid is triturated with hexanes to yield methyl 1-ethyl-3-oxazol-2-yl-1H-indole-6-carboxylate (75 mg, 46%) as a yellow solid.

Example 1R Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-3-thiazol-2-yl-1H-indole (compound 73)

Step A: 1-Ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole (900 mg, 5.14 mmol) is dissolved in DMF (1.5 mL). This is added dropwise to an ice-cold solution of POCl₃ (500 μL, 5.2 mmol) in DMF (1.75 ml). After stirring at room temperature for 90 minutes, the reaction mixture is re-cooled in an ice bath and is slowly quenched with 6N NaOH (4 mL). The reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc and H₂O. Purification by silica gel chromatography (EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂, 5/95) yields 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (849 mg, 81%) as a yellow solid.

Step B: 1-Ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (600 mg, 2.95 mmol) is dissolved in acetone (85 mL). A solution of KMnO₄ (450 mg, 2.85 mmol) in H₂O (28 mL) is added. This is stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. Another solution of KMnO₄ (450 mg, 2.85 mmol) in H₂O (25 mL) is then added. After stirring for another hour at room temperature, the reaction is complete. The reaction mixture is quenched with 10% H₂O₂ (1.5 mL), and is then filtered through celite. The filtrate is stripped down under vacuum to roughly 1/3 of the volume. The residue is acidified with 6N HCl, and is extracted into ethyl acetate. Purification by silica gel column (hexanes/acetone/acetic acid, 70/30/1) yields crude product. Trituration with ether yields pure 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid (365 mg, 56%) as a yellow solid.

Step C: 1-Ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid (250 mg, 1.14 mmol) is suspended in a solution of CH₂Cl₂ (12.5 mL) and DMF (10 μL). Oxalyl chloride (230 μL, 2.64 mmol) is added, and the reaction mixture is stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. This mixture is then slowly poured into a rapidly stirring solution of concentrated NH₄OH (5 mL). This is then partitioned in H₂O and EtOAc. The residue from the ethyl acetate layer is triturated with acetone to yield 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carboxamide (134 mg, 54%) as a white solid.

Step D: 1-Ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carboxamide (120 mg, 0.55 mmol), Lawesson's reagent (240 mg, 0.6 mmol), and toluene (2 mL) are heated at 90° C. for 90 min. The reaction mixture is concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography (EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂, 1/9) to yield 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-thiocarboxamide as a yellow solid (92 mg, 71%).

Step E: 1-Ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-thiocarboxamide (83 mg, 0.36 mmol), glyme (3.6 mL) and bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (220 μL, 1.86 mmol) are heated at 80° C. for 16 h. More bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (250 μL) is added. This is heated at 80° C. for 2 h. Addition of 250 μL more bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal is followed by heating for another 2 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, absorbed onto silica and purified by silica gel chromatography (hexanes/EtOAc, 7/3) to afford 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-3-thiazol-2-yl-1H-indole as a brown oil (44 mg, 47%).

The following compounds are prepared following the procedure described above: Compounds 78, 101, 104, 105 and 106.

Example 1S Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-phenoxymethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 99)

Step A: To a suspension of LiAlH₄ (7.6 g, 0.2 mol) in dioxane (100 mL) is added dropwise a solution of methyl 6-methoxy-1H-indole-2-carboxylate (8.2 g, 0.04 mol) in dioxane (50 mL) at 0° C. After the addition, the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then heated at reflux for 5 h. After cooling to 0° C., the reaction is quenched by water (dropwise) and then 15% aqueous NaOH. After stirring at room temperature for 1 h, the mixture is filtered through Celite. The solid is washed with a large amount of EtOAc. The solvent is washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under vacuum. The residue is purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using EtOAc/petroleum ether (1/5) as eluent to yield 61% of 6-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole.

Step B: To a solution of 6-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole (3.9 g, 24 mmol) in acetonitrile (200 mL) and DMF (20 mL) is added dropwise a solution of ClSO₂NCO (4 mL, 1.3 eq.) in acetonitrile (31 mL) at 0° C. After the addition, the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Then it is poured into ice water and saturated NaHCO₃ is added to it until it becomes basic. The aqueous phase is extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and then evaporated. The residue is purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel using EtOAc/petroleum ether (1/5) as eluent to yield 81% of 6-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile.

Step C: To a suspension of NaH (0.6 g, 2 eq.) in DMF (7 mL) is added a solution of 6-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (1.3 g, 7.0 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) followed by ethyl iodide (1.2 mL, 2 eq.) at 0° C. After stirring for 1 h, the mixture is poured into ice water and then extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer is washed with brine and dried with Na₂SO₄. The solvent is evaporated under vacuum and purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel using EtOAc/petroleum ether (1/5) as eluent to yield 92% of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile.

Step D: To a solution of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (1.38 g, 6.45 mmol) in benzene (130 mL) is added benzoyl peroxide (226 mg) and NBS (1.21 g, 1.05 eq.). Then the mixture is heated to reflux for 3 h. After cooling and filtering, the filtrate is concentrated under vacuum. The crude 2-bromomethyl-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (1.6 g, 86%) is used without further purification.

Step E: To a solution of NaH (44 mg, 4 eq.) in DMF (0.5 mL) is added 2-bromomethyl-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (80 mg, 0.274 mmol) and phenol (2 eq.). After stirring for 20 h, the mixture is poured into ice water and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer is washed with brine and dried with Na₂SO₄. The solvent is evaporated under vacuum and purified with flash column chromatography on silica gel using EtOAc/petroleum ether (1/5) as eluent to yield 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-phenoxymethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, compound 99.

Example 1T Preparation of 6-nitro-2-pyrrol-1-yl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 7)

Step A: A solution of 2-fluoro-5-nitroaniline (11.7 g, 74.9 mmol) in dimethylformamide (120 mL) is treated with malononitrile (5.28 g, 80.0 mmol) and potassium carbonate (11.05 g, 80.0 mmol) (Modification of Chem. Heterocyclic Cpd. Engl. Trans., 9, 37 (2001)). The resulting heterogeneous mixture is heated to gentle reflux for 3 h, then cooled and poured into water (500 mL). The resulting precipitate is collected by filtration and taken up into ethyl acetate (300 mL). This solution is dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and partially evaporated to give a precipitate, which is collected by filtration. Further evaporation and filtration give a second crop. The two crops are combined and dried under vacuum to give 2-amino-1-ethyl-6-nitro-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (7.90 g, 52%) as an orange powder.

Step B: A solution of 2-amino-6-nitro-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (362 mg, 1.79 mmol) in acetic acid (5 mL) is treated with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran (0.30 mL, 2.27 mmol), and the solution is heated to reflux for 14 h. After cooling to ambient temperature, the solution is poured into water (100 mL), and solid sodium bicarbonate is added until CO₂ evolution ceased. The mixture is extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL), and the extracts are washed with saturated brine, combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residual material is separated by silica gel chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes, 1/4) to afford 6-nitro-2-pyrrol-1-yl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, compound 5, as a yellow solid (232 mg, 51%).

Example 1U Preparation of N-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-nitro-1H-indol-2-yl)acetamide (compound 25)

Step A: Sodium hydride (42 mg, 1.05 mmol, 60% w/w suspension in mineral oil) is washed with hexane and taken up in dimethylsulfoxide (1 mL). A solution of 2-amino-6-nitro-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (prepared in procedure 1T) in dimethylsulfoxide (1 mL) is added by syringe, and the resulting mixture is stirred for 20 min. Then, iodoethane (77 μL, 0.96 mmol) is added by syringe, and the mixture is stirred for 14 h. The reaction is then poured into EtOAc (50 mL), and this solution is washed with water (3×50 mL) and saturated brine (40 mL). The aqueous phases are back-extracted with EtOAc, and the organic extracts are combined, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated. The residual material is separated by column chromatography over silica gel (EtOAc/hexanes, 1/1) to afford first a small amount of a dialkylated analog, then the desired compound, 2-amino-1-ethyl-6-nitro-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (114 mg, 52%), and finally unreacted starting material. The desired product is isolated as an orange powder.

Step B: Sodium hydride (44 mg, 1.10 mmol, 60% w/w in mineral oil) is washed with hexanes and suspended in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL). A solution of 2-amino-1-ethyl-6-nitro-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (120 mg, 0.521 mmol), prepared in step B, above, in dioxane (2 mL) is added, and the resulting mixture is allowed to stir for 30 min. Then, acetyl chloride (45 μL, 0.63 mmol) is added by syringe, and the solution is stirred for an additional 12 h. The reaction is partitioned between water and EtOAc (20 mL each), and the organic phase is washed with brine. The aqueous phases are back-extracted in sequence with ethyl acetate, and the organic extracts are combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated. The resulting solid is triturated with Et₂O, collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to afford N-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-nitro-1H-indol-2-yl)-acetamide (100 mg, 71%), compound 25, as an off-white powder.

Using this procedure and substituting the appropriate acid chlorides or chloroformates gives the following compounds: Compounds 23, 26, 35, 36, 203, 204, 214, 215, 216.

Example 1V Preparation of N-ethyl-3-phenyl-5-nitroindole (compound 41)

Step A: To a solution of 5-nitroindole (5.00 g, 30.8 mmol) in pyridine (200 mL) at −4° C. is added a solution of pyridinium bromide perbromide (10.99 g, 34.3 mmol) in pyridine (200 mL) dropwise under nitrogen with stirring. After complete addition, the reaction mixture is stirred for 5 min at 0° C. The reaction mixture is diluted in 0° C. water (200 mL) and extracted with 200 mL of Et₂O. The organic layer is washed with 6 M HCl (300 mL), 5% NaHCO₃ (300 mL), and brine (300 mL). The organic phase is dried over MgSO₄ and solvent is removed to give 3-bromo-5-nitroindole as a yellow powder, 80% pure with 20% 5-nitroindole (6.80 g, 74% yield).

Step B: A solution of 3-bromo-5-nitroindole from above (625 mg, 2.1 mmol), phenylboronic acid (381 mg, 3.13 mmol), triphenylphosphine (109.3 mg, 0.417 mmol) in dimethoxyethane (4.16 mL) is degassed. To this mixture 2N sodium carbonate (6.25 mL) is added, and the reaction mixture is degassed again. To the reaction is added palladium (II) acetate (23.4 mg, 0.104 mmol), and the reaction is refluxed under dry nitrogen with stirring for 8 hours. The reaction mixture is then diluted with 1 M HCl (100 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The organic phase is washed with water (100 mL), and brine (100 mL). The organic phase is dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product is purified by chromatography over silica gel (EtOAc/hexanes, 10/90) to afford 3-phenyl-5-nitroindole as an orange powder (45 mg, 9% yield).

Step C: To a mixture of 60% NaH in mineral oil (8.7 mg, 0.630 mmol) and DMF (1.0 mL) is added dropwise a solution of 3-phenyl-5-nitroindole (40.0 mg, 2.1 mmol) in DMF (0.75 mL). The reaction mixture is stirred for 20 min at 0° C. under N₂. Ethyl iodide (14.8 μL, 0.185 mmol) is added dropwise and the reaction mixture is stirred for an additional 3 hours. The reaction mixture is diluted with water (250 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (30 mL). The organic phase is washed with water (250 mL) and is then dried over MgSO₄ and the solvent is removed in vacuo. The desired N-ethyl-3-phenyl-5-nitroindole is obtained as a yellow powder (40.0 mg, 89.5% yield).

In similar fashion the following compound is prepared: Compound 40.

Example 1W Preparation of [3-Cyano-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-indol-6-yl]-carbamic acid propyl ester (compound 97)

6-Amino-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (30 mg, 0.12 mmol), is suspended in EtOH (300 μL). Propyl chloroformate (168 μL, 1.5 mmol) is added, and this mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight. The addition of triethylamine (300 μL), followed by another hour of stirring at room temperature, completes the reaction. This reaction mixture is loaded directly onto a silica column, and is eluted with CH₂Cl₂. Another silica column (3/2, ether/hexanes) is needed to fully purify the product, [3-cyano-1-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1H-indol-6-yl]-carbamic acid propyl ester (19 mg, 45%), as a white solid.

Example 1X Preparation of N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]-methanesulfonamide (compound 130)

2-(4-Aminophenylethynyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (50 mg, 0.16 mmol), prepared as described by the method of Example 1H, is dissolved in pyridine (550 μL) at room temperature. Methanesulfonyl chloride (17 μL, 0.21 mmol) is added dropwise. This is stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture is then diluted in ethyl acetate and is washed with aqueous HCl, followed by brine. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (9/1, CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) yields N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]-methanesulfonamide (58 mg, 92%) as an off-white solid.

The following compounds are made using the procedure shown above, by substituting the appropriate aminophenylethynyl indoles and sulfonyl chlorides: Compounds 131, 132, 208, 209, and 210.

Example 1Y Preparation of N-[4-(3-Cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-methanesulfonamide (compound 129)

A solution of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (70 mg, 0.24 mmol), prepared as described in Example 1Ga, step B in THF (3 mL) is cooled to 0° C. and treated with triethylamine (0.04 mL, 0.31 mmol) and methanesulfonylchloride (0.02 mL, 0.29 mmol) and stirred, warming to room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is then diluted with H₂O and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×). The organic phase is washed with H₂O and saturated NaCl, dried and concentrated and purified by flash chromatography using EtOAc/hexanes (30-50%) to afford 60 mg (68%) of N-[4-(3-Cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-methanesulfonamide as a tan solid.

Using essentially the same procedure as above and substituting the appropriate aminophenylindole and sulfonyl chloride or carrying out the reaction in pyridine as both base and solvent gives the following compounds: Compounds 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 243, 251, 252, 272, 273, 287, 289, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 394, 439, 440, 448, 449, 451, 452, 477, 487, 488, 495, 505, 510, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 562, 563, 598, 599, 601, 602, 608, 609, 610, 615, 616, 617, 621, 622, 623, 629, 630, 631, 639, 655, 657, 658, 662, 669, 670, 671, 674, 675, 701, 702, 703, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 713, 715, 720, 789, 790, 791, 850, 851, 867, 868, 890, 891, 912, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 932, 933, 934, 935, 941, 953, 968, 982, 988, 990, 995, 996, 997, 998, 1035, 1038, 1041, 1103, 1105, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1123, 1140, 1141, 1155, 1160, 1161, 1170, 1175, 1181, 1182, 1188, 1189, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1280.

Example 1Za Preparation of N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]-acetamide (compound 138)

2-(4-Aminophenylethynyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (95 mg, 0.29 mmol), prepared as described in Example 1H, is dissolved in THF (1.4 mL). Triethylamine (84 μL, 0.6 mmol) is added, followed by dropwise addition of acetyl chloride (44 μL, 0.5 mmol). This is stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture is partitioned between H₂O and EtOAc. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica chromatography (9/1, CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) yields N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]-acetamide (103 mg, 96%) as a yellow solid.

The following compounds are prepared by the procedure shown above, substituting the appropriate aminophenylethynyl indoles and acid chlorides: Compounds 82, 139, 152, 153, 162, 163, 165, 167, 205, 206, 207, 211, 212, 213, 219, 224, 225, 228.

Example 1Zb Preparation of N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]-formamide (compound 241)

Acetic anhydride (2.5 mL) and 98% formic acid (1.0 mL) are heated at 65° C. for 1 hour. This is cooled to 0° C. 2-(4-Aminophenylethynyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (100 mg, 0.32 mmol), prepared as in example 1H, is taken up in THF (1.2 mL) and added to the formic acetic anhydride mixture. This is stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture is then partitioned between H₂O and EtOAc. The EtOAc layer is washed with saturated NaHCO₃, followed by saturated brine. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (4/1, CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) yields of N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]-formamide (105 mg, 96%) as a yellow solid.

The following compound is prepared similarly as described above: Compound 218.

Example 1AA Preparation of N-[4-(3-Cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-acetamide (compound 128)

A solution of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (70 mg, 0.24 mmol), prepared as described in Example 1Ga, step B in THF (3 mL) is cooled to 0° C. and treated with triethylamine (0.04 mL, 0.31 mmol) and acetyl chloride (0.02 mL, 0.29 mmol) and stirred, warming to room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is then diluted with H₂O and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×). The organic phase is washed with H₂O and saturated NaCl, dried and concentrated and purified by flash chromatography using EtOAc/hexanes (30-50%) to afford 57 mg (71%) of N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]acetamide as a tan solid.

Using essentially the same procedure as above and substituting appropriate aminophenyl indoles and the acid chlorides, the following compounds are prepared: Compounds 81, 242, 244, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 383, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 544, 558, 559, 560, 561, 565, 566 567, 644, 645, 646, 755, 756, 757, 759, 760, 761, 762, 763, 764, 765, 766, 798, 799, 801, 802, 803, 804, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 913, 914, 915, 916, 983.

Example 1AB Preparation of 1-[3-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)phenyl]-3-ethyl urea (compound 220)

2-(3-Aminophenylethynyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (100 mg, 0.32 mmol), prepared as described in Example 1H, is dissolved in pyridine (670 μL). Ethyl isocyanate (62 μL, 0.75 mmol) is added. The reaction mixture is then heated at 100° C. for 2 h. The mixture is then diluted in EtOAc, and is washed with aqueous HCl, followed by brine. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica chromatography (4/1, CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc), followed by trituration with hexanes/acetone (1/1), yields 1-[3-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]-3-ethyl urea (44 mg, 36%) as a white solid.

Example 1AC Preparation of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]urea (compound 156)

2-(4-Aminophenylethynyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (100 mg, 0.32 mmol), prepared as described in Example 1H, is suspended in toluene (600 μL). 2-Chloroethyl isocyanate (32 μL, 0.37 mmol) is added, and the mixture is heated at 100° C. for 5 h. The reaction mixture is then cooled, diluted in acetone, and absorbed onto silica. Purification by column chromatography (5-10% EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂) yields 1-(2-chloro-ethyl)-3-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]urea (73 mg, 54%) as a yellow solid.

The following compound is prepared using the procedure above: Compound 221.

Example 1AD Preparation of Ethanesulfonic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]methyl amide (compound 157)

N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)phenyl]ethanesulfonamide (70 mg, 0.17 mmol), prepared as in Example 1X, is combined with K₂CO₃ (49 mg, 0.35 mmol), and DMF (1.0 mL). Iodomethane (16 μL, 0.26 mmol) is added, and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is then diluted in EtOAc, and is washed with H₂O and then brine. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica chromatography (95/5, CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) yields a light tan solid. Trituration gives ethanesulfonic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]methyl amide (61 mg, 85%) as an orange-white solid.

The following compounds are prepared using the procedure above, substituting the appropriate sulfonamide: Compound 182, 652, 840.

Example 1AE Preparation of 1-ethyl-5-methoxy-2-[4-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 245)

Step A: Methyl 4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-5-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-benzoate (350 mg, 1.05 mmol), prepared as described in Example 1Ga step B, is combined with NaOH (40 mg, 1 mmol), H₂O (0.8 mL), and THF (3.4 mL) and is heated at 80° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is diluted in H₂O and is then ether-washed. The aqueous layer is acidified with aqueous HCl, and is extracted into EtOAc. The organic layer is dried and concentrated to yield 4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-benzoic acid (311 mg, 92%) as a pure white solid.

Step B: 4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-benzoic acid (50 mg, 0.16 mmol) is suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (2.2 mL) and catalytic DMF (2 μL). Oxalyl chloride (22 μL, 0.25 mmol) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, at which time full dissolution occurred. This reaction mixture is pipetted dropwise into a vigorously stirring solution of morpholine (1.0 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 ml). After addition is complete, the reaction mixture is washed with aqueous HCl solution. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica column (1:1 CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) yields 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-[4-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (56 mg, 90%) as a white solid.

The following compounds are prepared similarly as described above: Compounds 113, 114, 246, 270, 271 290, 291, 292, 323, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 432, 433, 564, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, 647, 648, 853, 860, 861, 862.

Example 1AF Preparation of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]amide (compound 194)

Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]-amide (60 mg, 0.16 mmol), prepared as described in Example 1Za, is stirred in BBr₃ (800 μL, 1M in CH₂Cl₂, 0.8 mmol) at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is quenched with H₂O, and is extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica chromatography (EtOAC) gives impure product. This crude product is triturated with 1/1 hexanes/acetone to yield cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]-amide (32 mg, 54%) as an off-white solid.

The following compounds are prepared using the procedure above, substituting the appropriate sulfonamides (from Example 1×) or amides (from Example 1Z): Compounds 164, 168, 183, 193, 195.

Example 1AG Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-[4-(2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)-phenylethynyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 166)

1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]urea (55 mg, 0.13 mmol), prepared as in Example 1AC, is combined with K₂CO₃ (50 mg, 0.36 mmol) and DMF (550 μL). This mixture is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture is diluted in EtOAc, and is washed with H₂O, and then with brine. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica chromatography (10-50%, EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂) yields 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-[4-(2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)-phenylethynyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (47 mg, 94%) as a white solid.

The following compound is prepared using the above procedure, substituting the appropriate urea: Compound 222.

Example 1AH Preparation of N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]-dimethylphosphinic amide (compound 227)

2-(3-Aminophenylethynyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (100 mg, 0.32 mmol), prepared as described in Example 1H, is dissolved in pyridine (300 μL) at 0° C. Dimethylphosphinic chloride (60 mg, 0.53 mmol) in THF (300 μL) is added. The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture is diluted in EtOAc, and is washed with aqueous HCl followed by brine. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica chromatography (acetone) yields N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]-dimethylphosphinic amide (65 mg, 52%), compound 227, as a pure white solid. The silica column is then flushed with 9/1 CH₂Cl₂/MeOH to yield 9 mg of N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-ylethynyl)-phenyl]-bis-(dimethylphosphinic) amide as a by-product.

Example 1AI Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-3-[5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-isoxazol-3-yl]-1H-indole (compound 116)

Step A: A mixture of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde oxime (0.20 g, 0.92 mmol), prepared from the aldehyde precursor in example 1R, in dichloroethane (3 mL) is treated with N-chlorosuccinimide (0.12 g, 0.92 mmol) and pyridine (0.04 mL, 0.46 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture is then poured into H₂O and acidified with 1N HCl until the pH is 2. The mixture is extracted with EtOAc and the organic phases are washed with H₂O and saturated NaCl and dried and concentrated to a mixture of chlorooximes, which are used in the next step without further purification.

Step B: The mixture of chlorooximes prepared above is dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and to this is added 4-methoxyphenylacetylene (0.24 g, 1.84 mmol) and triethylamine (0.25 mL, 1.84 mmol) at 0° C. and the reaction is then stirred overnight warming to room temperature. The reaction is then diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The organic phases are washed with H₂O and saturated NaCl and dried and concentrated. Chromatography over silica gel (EtOAc/hexanes, 10-20%) gives 76 mg (24%) of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-3-[5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-isoxazol-3-yl]-1H-indole as a tan solid.

Example 1AJ Preparation of [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester (compound 121)

A biphasic mixture of 2-(4-amino-phenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (70 mg, 0.24 mmol), prepared as described in example 1Ga step B, and ethyl chloroformate (0.03 mL, 0.29 mmol) in EtOAc (3 mL) and saturated NaHCO₃ (3 mL) is prepared at 0° C. and then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 24 h. The reaction is then diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic phases are washed with H₂O and saturated NaCl and then dried and concentrated. Flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes 20-40%) gives 48 mg (55%) of [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester as an off-white solid.

The following compounds are prepared in similar fashion: Compound 122, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 372, 434, 435, 450, 453, 454, 455, 457, 485, 486, 489, 490, 500, 501, 502, 503, 506, 507, 508, 509, 545, 546, 547, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 603, 604, 605, 606, 607, 618, 619, 624, 625, 637, 640, 641, 664, 665, 676, 677, 721, 722, 723, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 744, 745, 746, 747, 787, 788, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 819, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 849, 925, 926, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 981, 984, 985, 986, 991, 992, 993, 1015, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1037, 1040, 1042, 1044, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065. 1071, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1077, 1078, 10791107, 1109, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1122, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1145, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1169, 1174, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1186, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1211, 1222, 1232, 1233, 1300, 1302.

Example 1AK Preparation of 1-ethyl-5-thiophen-3-yl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 141)

A tube is charged with a mixture of 5-bromo-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (100 mg, 0.40 mmol), thiophene-3-boronic acid (72 mg, 0.56 mmol), PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (11 mg, 0.016 mmol) and CsF (152 mg, 1 mmol) and then alternately evacuated and filled with nitrogen (3×) and diluted with dimethoxyethane (3 mL) and then heated to 90° C. for 19 h. After cooling, the crude reaction mixture is diluted with saturated NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organic phases are washed with saturated NaCl and dried and concentrated. Flash chromatography over silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/hexanes, 40/60) gives 25 mg (25%) of 1-ethyl-5-thiophen-3-yl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as a white solid.

The following compounds are prepared in similar fashion: Compounds 140 and 142.

Example 1AL Preparation of N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-N-methyl methanesulfonamide (compound 180)

A solution of N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]methanesulfonamide (130 mg, 0.35 mmol), prepared as in Example 1Y, in DMF (10 mL) is treated with NaH (21 mg, 0.53 mmol), and stirred at room temperature for 10 min. Iodomethane (0.03 mL, 0.53 mmol) is added, and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The reaction mixture is then diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic phases are washed with H₂O and saturated NaCl and then dried and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography over silica gel (EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂, 0-1%) gives 60 mg (45%) of N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-N-methyl methanesulfonamide as a white solid.

In similar fashion the following compounds are prepared: Compounds 181, 642, 643, 672, 673, 816, 852, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007.

Example 1AM Preparation of N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-methanesulfonamide (compound 189)

A solution of N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]methanesulfonamide (85 mg, 0.23 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) is cooled to −5° C. A solution of boron tribromide (1.15 mL, 1.15 mmol, 1M solution in CH₂Cl₂) is added and the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to 10° C. over 4 h. The reaction mixture is poured into H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases are washed with H₂O and saturated NaCl and dried and concentrated. Chromatography over silica gel (EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂, 5-10%) gives 18 mg (22%) of N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]methanesulfonamide as a tan solid.

The following compounds are made similarly: Compounds 190, 191, 192.

Example 1AN Preparation of methyl 3-[5-(3-cyano-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]benzoate (compound 226)

Step A: To a mixture of 6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (5.88 g, 40 mmol), prepared as described in the previous examples, and (Boc)₂O (9.59 g, 44.0 mmol) in DCM (50 mL) is added DMAP (0.10 g, 0.8 mmol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 48 h, then treated with water (30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The crude product is chromatographed over silica gel (hexanes/EtOAc, 7/1) to furnish the desired intermediate, 3-cyano-6-methoxyindole-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (8.48 g, 86%).

Step B: The above intermediate (2.72 g, 10.0 mmol) is dissolved in anhydrous THF (20 mL), and cooled at −78° C., followed by the addition of LDA (1.5 M monoTHF in cyclohexane, 10.0 mL, 15 mmol). After stirring for 45 min, CO₂ gas is introduced for 2 h. The mixture is then brought to room temperature and the solvent is removed in vacuo, and the residue is treated with water and acidified to pH=2 with 6 N HCl. The precipitate is collected and washed with water and dried to provide the acid intermediate, 3-cyano-6-methoxy-indole-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 1-tert-butyl ester (2.40 g, 73%).

Step C: To a solution of 3-cyano-6-methoxyindole-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 1-tert-butyl ester (474 mg, 1.5 mmol) prepared above, and HOBt (200 mg, 1.5 mmol) in DCE/DMF (10 mL/1 mL), is added DCC (310 mg, 1.5 mmol), followed by 3-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid methyl ester (291 mg, 1.5 mmol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 h and filtered. The filtrate is collected and the solvent is replaced with chlorobenzene, followed by the heating at 150° C. for 48 h. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent is removed in vacuo and the residue is chromatographed (silica gel, CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc, 8/2) to furnish the intermediate, 3-cyano-6-methoxy-2-[3-(3-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl]-indole-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, which is treated with 50% TFA in DCM (10.0 mL) at room temperature for 1 h. After removal of the volatiles in vacuo, the residue is suspended in water and neutralized with K₂CO₃ to provide the desired product, methyl 3-[5-(3-cyano-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl-)[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]benzoate, compound 226 (350 mg, 62%).

Example 1AO Preparation of 1-ethyl-2-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 265)

A solution of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (0.12 g, 0.37 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) is treated with m-chloroperbenzoic acid (Aldrich, <77%, 0.26 g,) in one portion and the reaction is stirred for 10 h at room temperature. The reaction is then diluted with H₂O and saturated NaHCO₃ and extracted twice with EtOAc. The organic phases are washed with NaHCO₃ (2×) and saturated NaCl and dried and concentrated to a dark semi-solid. The crude product is purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂, 0-3%) through a 5 gram silica cartridge topped with 1 gram of basic alumina to give 72 mg (55%) of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as an off-white solid.

Example 1AP Preparation of N-{4-[3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}methanesulfonamide (compound 478)

A solution of N-{4-[6-(2-chloroethoxy)-3-cyano-1-ethyl-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}methanesulfonamide (90 mg, 0.21 mmol), morpholine (0.06 mL, 0.65 mmol), NaI (32 mg, 0.21 mmol) and diisopropyl ethylamine (0.06 mL, 0.32 mmol) in CH₃CN (2 mL) is heated in a sealed tube at 100° C. for 25 h. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases are washed with saturated NaCl, dried and concentrated. The crude solid is triturated with EtOAc and filtered to give 41 mg (41%) of N-{4-[3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}methanesulfonamide as a tan solid.

The following compounds are made similarly: Compounds 479, 480, 481, 482, 496, 497 and 498.

Example 1AQ Preparation of 2-morpholin-4-yl-ethanesulfonic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]amide (compound 653)

Step A: A solution of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, prepared by example 1Ga step B, (0.82 mg, 2.82 mmol), in pyridine (10 mL) is treated dropwise with chloroethyl sulfonylchloride (0.38 mL, 3.66 mmol) at room temperature. After stirring for 4 h, the reaction mixture is quenched with ice-water and enough 6N HCl is added until the pH is lowered to 2. The suspension is extracted with hot EtOAc (3×). The organic phases are then washed sequentially with 1N HCl, H₂O and saturated NaCl and dried and concentrated to give ethenesulfonic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]amide as a pale orange solid which is used directly in the next step without further purification.

Step B: A suspension of ethenesulfonic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]amide, prepared above, (70 mg, 0.18 mmol), morpholine (0.05 mL, 0.55 mmol) in CH₃CN (1.5 mL) is heated at reflux for 1.5 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction is concentrated and the residue is purified by flash chromatography (acetone/EtOAc, 2/98) over silica gel to afford 89 mg (100%) of 2-morpholin-4-yl-ethanesulfonic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]amide as a tan foam.

The following compound is made similarly: Compound 654.

Example 1AR Preparation of 2-morpholin-4-yl-ethanesulfonic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]methyl amide (compound 668)

A solution of 2-morpholin-4-yl-ethanesulfonic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]amide, prepared in example 1AQ (60 mg, 0.13 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) is treated with K₂CO₃ (35 mg, 0.26 mmol) and methyl iodide (0.02 mL, 0.26 mmol). After stirring at room temperature for 1.5 h, the reaction mixture is diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic phases are then washed with H₂O (3×) and saturated NaCl, and then dried and concentrated to afford a residue. Flash chromatography over silica gel (acetone/EtOAc, 0-2%) gives 31 mg (50%) of 2-morpholin-4-yl-ethanesulfonic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]methyl amide as an off white solid.

The following compounds are made similarly: Compounds 684, 685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 697, 698.

Example 1AS Preparation of 2-[4-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-isothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 84)

Step A: A solution of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, prepared by example 1Ga step B, (2.78 g, 9.55 mmol) in pyridine (40 mL) is treated dropwise with 3-chloropropanesulfonyl chloride (1.45 mL, 11.9 mmol) and the reaction is stirred for 4 h at room temperature. The reaction is diluted with water and enough 6N HCl to lower the pH to 2. The reaction mixture is extracted with EtOAc (3×) and the combined organic layers are washed sequentially with 1N HCl, water and saturated NaCl and then dried and concentrated to give 3.9 g (95%), of 3-chloropropane-1-sulfonic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]amide as a brown foam which is used directly in the next step.

Step B: A solution of 3-chloropropane-1-sulfonic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]amide, prepared above (3.65 g, 2.33 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) is treated with K₂CO₃ and heated at 70° C. for 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture is diluted with H₂O and extracted 3× with hot EtOAc. The hot organic layers are washed with warm H₂O (3×) and saturated NaCl and dried and concentrated to a solid. Trituration (CH₂Cl₂/hexanes) gives 2.27 g (68%) of 2-[4-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-isothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as a light brown solid.

The following compounds are made in similar fashion: Compound 649, 775, 809, 969, 980.

Example 1AT Preparation of 2-[4-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-isothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 666)

Step A: Following the procedure in example 1B step A, 2-[4-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-isothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile is treated with 1M BBr₃ solution in CH₂Cl₂ at −15° C. for 1.5 h and then poured into ice-water and filtered and dried to afford 2-[4-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-isothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile in nearly quantitative yield.

Step B: Following the procedure in example 1B step B, 2-[4-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-isothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, K₂CO₃, 2-iodopropane and methyl ethyl ketone are heated at reflux to give, after flash chromatography (EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂, 0-2%), 61% of 2-[4-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-isothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-isopropoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as an off-white solid.

The following compounds are made similarly: Compounds 667, 699.

Example 1AU Preparation of 2-[4-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-isothiazolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethoxy)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 729)

A mixture of 2-[4-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-isothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, prepared in example 1AT above (70 mg, 0.25 mmol), K₂CO₃ (75 mg, 0.51 mmol), sodium iodide (27 mg, 0.18 mmol), 4-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine hydrochloride (42 mg, 0.25 mmol) in methyl ethyl ketone (3 mL) is heated in a sealed tube at 100° C. After 13 hours, DMF (3 mL) is added and the reaction is heated for an additional 6 h. After this time, an additional 42 mg of 4-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine hydrochloride and 135 mg of K₂CO₃ is added and the reaction is heated for an additional 6 h to complete the reaction. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, diluted with water, and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phases are washed with water (2×) and saturated NaCl and dried and concentrated. Pure 2-[4-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-isothiazolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethoxy)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile is obtained by flash chromatography (MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, 0-6%) to give 29 mg (34%) of a tan solid.

The following compounds are made similarly: Compounds 728 and 730.

Example 1AV Preparation of 2-[4-(2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 779)

Step A: A solution of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (585 mg, 1.92 mmol) in 10 mL of 1,4-dioxane is treated with ethyl isocyanatoacetate (0.25 mL, 2.12 mmol), and the resulting solution is heated to reflux overnight. The solution is allowed to cool, and the solvent is removed by rotary evaporation. The residual material is triturated with ether, and the resulting precipitate is collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to afford compound 773 (587 mg, 1.35 mmol, 70%).

A similar procedure is used to prepare methyl 2-{3-[4-(3-cyano-6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ureido}-3-phenyl-propionate (compound 777).

Step B: A solution of ethyl {3-[4-(3-cyano-6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ureido}-acetate (compound 773, 101 mg, 0.232 mmol) in THF (10 mL) is treated with a solution of potassium tert-butoxide in tert-butanol (0.30 mL, 1.0 M, 0.30 mmol), and the resulting mixture is allowed to stir overnight. The reaction mixture is partitioned between water and ethyl acetate (50 mL each), and the organic phase is washed with saturated brine. The aqueous phases are extracted with more ethyl acetate, and the extracts are combined, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The residual material is separated by column chromatography (eluting 2/1 ethyl acetate/hexane on silica gel 60) to afford 2-[4-(2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, compound 779, which is purified further by trituration with ether, collection by filtration and drying under high vacuum (76 mg, 0.196 mmol, 84%).

Example 1AW Preparation of 2-[4-(2,4-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)phenyl]-6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 776)

A solution of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (319 mg, 1.04 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) is treated with chloroacetyl isocyanate (0.10 mL, 1.17 mmol), and the resulting solution is warmed to 60° C. overnight. The solution is cooled, and DBU (0.20 mL, 1.31 mmol) is added. This mixture is stirred at ambient temperature overnight, and then is partitioned between water and ethyl acetate (50 mL each). The organic layer is washed with saturated brine, and then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The residual material is triturated with ether, and the resulting solid is collected by filtration and dried under high vacuum to afford the title product (319 mg, 0.821 mmol, 79%).

Example 1AX Preparation of N,N-Dimethyl-2-[4-(3,4-dimethyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide (compound 780) and N,N-Dimethyl-6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-2-[4-(3-methyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carboxamide (compound 781)

Step A. A solution of ethyl {3-[4-(3-cyano-6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ureido}acetate (compound 773, 325 mg, 0.748 mmol), prepared in procedure 1AV, step A, in acetone (5 mL) is treated with HCl (3 mL, 6 N), and the resulting solution is heated to reflux overnight. The reaction mixture is cooled, and the resulting precipitate is collected by filtration, washed with ether and dried under high vacuum to afford the product, 6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-2-[4-(2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carboxamide (264 mg, 0.650 mmol, 87%).

Step B. Sodium hydride dispersion in mineral oil (75 mg) is washed with a small portion of hexane, and the hexane layer is decanted off. A solution of 6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-2-[4-(2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carboxamide (190 mg, 0.468 mmol) in dimethylformamide (2 mL) is added, and the mixture is stirred for 1 hour. Then, methyl iodide (0.10 mL, 1.61 mmol) is added by syringe. The resulting mixture is allowed to stir at ambient temperature overnight and then is poured into 50 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with water (3×50 mL) and saturated brine (20 mL), then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The residual material is separated by column chromatography (1/1 ethyl acetate/hexane, eluting on silica gel 60) to afford the title products, compounds 780 and 781.

Example 1AY Preparation of N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-methanesulfonamide (compound 828)

Step A: Sodium hydride dispersion in mineral oil (108 mg) is washed with a small portion of hexane, and the hexane layer is decanted off. A solution of N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]methanesulfonamide (compound 129, 500 mg, 1.35 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) is slowly added. After gas evolution is complete, 2-bromoethyl acetate (0.30 mL, 2.64 mmol) and sodium iodide (20 mg) are added. The mixture is stirred at ambient temperature overnight, and then is poured into 50 mL of ethyl acetate. This is washed with water (3×50 mL) and saturated brine (20 mL), then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The residual material is separated by column chromatography (1/1 ethyl acetate/hexane, eluting on silica gel 60) to afford compound 815 (364 mg, 0.799 mmol, 59%).

Step B: A mixture of N-(2-acetoxyethyl)-N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]methanesulfonamide (compound 815, 164 mg, 0.360 mmol) and lithium hydroxide hydrate (45 mg, 1.07 mmol) in 5 mL THF/1 mL water is warmed to 60° C. overnight. The mixture is cooled and poured into ethyl acetate (50 mL). This is washed with water (50 mL) and brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to afford a solid. The solid is triturated with ether, collected by filtration and dried under high vacuum to afford N-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)methanesulfonamide, compound 828 (137 mg, 0.331 mmol, 92%).

Example 1AZ Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-[4-(2-methoxyethoxy)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 248)

1-Ethyl-2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (40 mg, 0.14 mmol), prepared as in example 1Ga step B, is combined with K₂CO₃ (77 mg, 0.56 mmol), bromoethyl methyl ether (26 μL, 0.28 mmol), and DMF (450 μL). This is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, and then at 75° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture is then partitioned between H₂O and EtOAc. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (CH₂Cl₂, 0-5% EtOAc) yields 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-[4-(2-methoxyethoxy)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (44 mg, 90%) as a white solid.

The following compound is prepared similarly as above: Compound 249.

Example 1BA Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-[4-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 261)

Step A: 1-Ethyl-6-methoxy-2-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (450 mg, 1.34 mmol), prepared as in example 1AZ, is combined with PPh₃ (878 mg, 3.35 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (32 mL) at 0° C. N-bromosuccinimide (600 mg, 3.37 mmol) is added in one portion. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture is washed with aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic layer is dried and concentrated, and purified by silica gel chromatography (CH₂Cl₂) to yield 2-[4-(2-bromoethoxy)-phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (506 mg, 95%), compound 253 as a white solid.

Step B: 2-[4-(2-bromoethoxy)-phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (40 mg, 0.1 mmol), prepared as in step A above, is combined with morpholine (50 μL, 0.58 mmol) and acetonitrile (1.0 mL). This is heated at 85° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture is then partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (6/4, acetone/hexanes) yields 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-[4-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (39 mg, 96%) as a white solid.

The following compounds are prepared similarly as above, using different amines Compounds 262, 263, 264.

Example 1BB Preparation of N-{2-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenoxy]-ethyl}methanesulfonamide (compound 268)

Step A: 2-[4-(2-Bromoethoxy)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (258 mg, 0.65 mmol), prepared in example 1BA, step A, is combined with NaN₃ (144 mg, 2.2 mmol), and MeOH (3.2 mL). This is heated overnight at 75° C. The reaction mixture is then partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (CH₂Cl₂) yields 2-[4-(2-azidoethoxy)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (187 mg, 80%), compound 266 as a white solid.

Step B: 2-[4-(2-Azidoethoxy)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (410 mg, 1.14 mmol), prepared as in step A, above, is suspended in a solution of MeOH (20 mL) and concentrated HCl (500 μL). Pd/C (150 mg, 10%) is added, and this mixture is hydrogenated at 30 p.s.i. for 1 h. This is filtered and the filtrate is concentrated. The filtrate residue is partitioned between EtOAc and 0.5N NaOH. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (10-30%, MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) yields 2-[4-(2-aminoethoxy)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (298 mg, 78%), compound 267, as a white solid.

Step C: 2-[4-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (30 mg, 0.09 mmol), prepared in step B, above, is dissolved in pyridine (300 μL). Methanesulfonyl chloride (8 μL, 0.1 mmol) is added. This is stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. More methansulfonyl chloride (4 μL, 0.05 mmol) is added. Stirring continues for another hour. The reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc and aqueous HCl. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (1/1 CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) yields N-{2-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)phenoxy]ethyl}methanesulfonamide, compound 268 (32 mg, 86%) as a white solid.

The following compound is prepared similarly as above: Compound 269.

Example 1BC Preparation of N-{2-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenoxy]-ethyl}acetamide (compound 274)

2-[4-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (30 mg, 0.09 mmol), prepared as in example 1BB, step B, is dissolved in THF (400 μL), and Et₃N (24 μL, 0.17 mmol). Acetyl chloride (10 μL, 0.14 mmol) is added, and the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc and H₂O. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (EtOAc) yields N-{2-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)phenoxy]ethyl}acetamide (33 mg, 97%) as a white solid.

Example 1BD Preparation of 1-{2-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenoxy]ethyl}-3-ethyl-urea (Compound 279)

2-[4-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (30 mg, 0.09 mmol), prepared as in example 1BB, is combined with ethyl isocyanate (18 μL, 0.21 mmol) and pyridine (300 μL). This mixture is stirred at room temperature for 90 minutes, and is then partitioned between EtOAc and aqueous HCl. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (EtOAc) yields 1-{2-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenoxy]-ethyl}-3-ethyl-urea (34 mg, 93%) as a white solid.

Example 1BE Preparation of N-{2-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenoxy]ethyl}formamide (compound 280)

Acetic anhydride (700 μL) and 98% formic acid (280 μL) are heated at 65° C. for 1 h. This is cooled to 0° C. 2-[4-(2-Aminoethoxy)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (30 mg, 0.09 mmol), prepared as in example 1BB, is taken up in THF (400 μL), and added to the mixed anhydride. This is stirred at 0° C. for 45 minutes. The mixture is then portioned between EtOAc and aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (4/1, CH₂Cl₂/acetone) yields N-{2-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)phenoxy]-ethyl}formamide (28 mg, 86%) as a white solid.

Example 1BF Preparation of 1-ethyl-2-{4-[2-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethoxy]phenyl}-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 285)

Step A: 1-Ethyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (559 mg, 1.91 mmol), is used to prepare [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenoxy]-acetic acid tert-butyl ester (780 mg, 100%) utilizing essentially the same procedure as example 1AZ.

Step B: [4-(3-Cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenoxy]-acetic acid tert-butyl ester (745 mg, 1.83 mmol) is stirred in 20% TFA in CH₂Cl₂ at room temperature for 3 hours. This is concentrated and the residue is partitioned between H₂O and EtOAc. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. The residue is triturated with CH₂Cl₂ to yield [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenoxy]-acetic acid (634 mg, 99%) as a white solid.

Step C: [4-(3-Cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenoxy]-acetic acid (40 mg, 0.12 mmol) is suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (1.65 mmol) and DMF (2 μL). Oxalyl chloride (17 μL, 0.19 mmol) is added. This is stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The resulting solution is then pipetted into a stirring solution of S-3-hydroxypyrrolidine (150 μL) and CH₂Cl₂ (3.0 mL). The mixture is washed with aqueous HCl. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (3/2 CH₂Cl₂/acetone) yields 1-ethyl-2-{4-[2-(3-hydroxy-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethoxy]-phenyl}-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (40 mg, 79%), compound 285 as a white solid.

Example 1BG Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-benzooxazol-5-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (Compound 332)

Step A: 1-Ethyl-2-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (369 mg, 1.1 mmol), prepared as in example 1Gd, is combined with EtOAc (20 mL) and Pd/C (150 mg, 10%). This mixture is hydrogenated at 30 p.s.i. for 1 h. This is filtered through celite. The filtrate is concentrated and triturated with ether to yield 2-(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (307 mg, 91%), compound 322, as a white solid.

Step B: 2-(3-Amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (100 mg, 0.33 mmol), prepared as in step A, is combined with CDI (83 mg, 0.51 mmol), and THF (1.1 mL). This is heated at 65° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc and aqueous HCl. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (9/1, CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) yields 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-benzooxazol-5-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (89 mg, 81%) as a white solid.

Example 1BH Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-(3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 334)

Step A: Bromoacetic acid (52 mg, 0.37 mmol) is combined with EDCI hydrochloride (62 mg, 0.4 mmol) and acetonitrile (900 μL) to form a homogeneous solution. 2-(3-Amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (100 mg, 0.33 mmol), prepared as in example 1BG, step B, is added to the solution. A thick paste soon forms. Another 1.1 mL of acetonitrile is added and the mixture is then stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture is then partitioned between H₂O and EtOAc. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (4/1, CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) yields 2-chloro-N-[5-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-2-hydroxyphenyl]acetamide (82 mg, 60%), compound 333, as a white solid.

Step B: 2-Chloro-N-[5-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-phenyl]acetamide (57 mg, 0.13 mmol), prepared in step A, is combined with K₂CO₃ (55 mg, 0.4 mmol), and DMF (400 μL). This is heated at 80° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is then partitioned between H₂O and EtOAc. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (9/1, CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) yields 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-(3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (45 mg, 90%) as a white solid.

Example 1BI Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-benzooxazol-6-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (Compound 340)

Step A: 4-Aminosalicylic acid (4.0 g, 26 mmol) is suspended in H₂SO₄ (26 mL, 2.7M) at −5° C. Sodium nitrite (1.8 g, 26.1 mmol) in H₂O (6.5 mL) is cooled to ice bath temperature and is added dropwise to the aminosalicylic acid mixture over 5 minutes. The resulting suspension is stirred at −5° C. for 15 minutes. A solution of KI (6.8 g, 41 mmol) in H₂SO₄ (13 mL, 1M) is added dropwise to the diazonium salt, with considerable evolution of N₂. The reaction mixture is heated at 70° C. for 20 minutes. The reaction mixture is then partitioned between H₂O and EtOAc. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (7/3, hexanes/acetone, 1% acetic acid) yields 4-iodosalicylic acid (5.33 g, 85-90% pure).

Step B: Crude 4-Iodosalicylic acid (1.0 g, 3.8 mmol) is dissolved in THF (28 mL) and Et₃N (1.15 mL, 8.2 mmol). DPPA (1.7 mL, 7.8 mmol) is added. This is heated at 70° C. overnight. The reaction mixture is then partitioned between H₂O and EtOAc. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (9/1, CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) yields 472 mg crude intermediate. Trituration with ether yields 6-iodo-3H-benzooxazol-2-one (369 mg, 37%) as a white solid.

Step C: 6-Iodo-3H-benzooxazol-2-one (118 mg, 0.45 mmol) is used to prepare 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-benzooxazol-6-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, compound 340 (75 mg, 55%), utilizing essentially the same procedure as in example 1Gd.

Example 1BJ Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-(4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 339)

1-Ethyl-6-methoxy-2-(3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (20 mg, 0.058 mmol), prepared as in example 1BH, is combined with NaH (14 mg, 60% suspension in oil, 0.35 mmol). THF (300 μL) is added. This is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes. A solution of methyl iodide (4.4 μL) in THF (100 μL) is added. This is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc and aqueous HCl. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (9/1, CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) yields 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-(4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (16 mg, 76%) as a white solid.

The following compound is prepared similarly: Compound 341.

Example 1BK Preparation of 1-ethyl-2-iodo-6-methoxy-5-nitro-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 499)

1-Ethyl-2-iodo-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (50 mg, 0.15 mmol), prepared as in example 1Ga, Step A, is suspended in acetic acid (620 μL) at 0° C. Nitric acid (4.25M in AcOH) is added. This is stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture is then partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O. The organic layer is washed with aqueous NaHCO₃, and then is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (6/4, CH₂Cl₂/hexanes), followed by ether trituration, yields 1-ethyl-2-iodo-6-methoxy-5-nitro-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (16 mg, 29%) as a yellow solid.

Example 1BL Preparation of 1′-ethanesulfonyl-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2′,3′-dihydro-1H,1H′-[2,6′]biindolyl-3-carbonitrile (compound 753)

Step A: 6-Nitroindoline (3.0 g, 18.3 mmol) is dissolved in THF (45 mL) and Et₃N (3.4 mL, 24.4 mmol) at 0° C. Acetyl chloride (1.5 mL, 21 mmol) is added dropwise. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture is partitioned between EtOAc and aqueous HCl. The organic layer is dried and concentrated to yield 1-acetyl-6-nitroindoline (3.8 g, 100%) as a yellow solid.

Step B: 1-Acetyl-6-nitroindoline (3.8 g, 18.3 mmol) is suspended in EtOAc (200 mL). Pd/C (650 mg, 10%) is added, and the mixture is hydrogenated at 40-55 p.si.i. for 2 hours. The mixture is then filtered through celite. The filtrate is concentrated, and the residue is triturated with ether to yield 1-acetyl-6-aminoindoline (3.18 g, 99%) as an orange solid.

Step C: 1-Acetyl-6-aminoindoline (1.5 g, 8.5 mmol) is used to prepare 1-acetyl-6-iodoindoline (1.06 g, 43%), utilizing essentially the same procedure in example 1BI, Step A.

Step D: 1-Acetyl-6-iodoindoline (1.06 g, 3.7 mmol), NaOH (1.16 g, 29 mmol), EtOH (8 mL), and H₂O (6 mL) are heated at 90° C. overnight. The reaction mixture is then partitioned between H₂O and EtOAc. The organic layer is extracted into aqueous HCl. The aqueous layer is in turn basified with NaOH, and is extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Hexane trituration yields 6-iodoindoline (577 mg, 64%) as a brown solid.

Step E: 1-Iodoindoline (600 mg, 2.45 mmol) is used to prepare 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2′,3′-dihydro-1H,1H′-[2,6′]biindolyl-3-carbonitrile (535 mg, 67%), utilizing essentially the same procedure as in example 1Gd, Step B.

Step F: 1-Ethyl-6-methoxy-2′,3′-dihydro-1H,1H′-[2,6′]biindolyl-3-carbonitrile (30 mg, 0.095 mmol) is used to prepare 1′-Ethanesulfonyl-1-Ethyl-6-methoxy-2′,3′-dihydro-1H,1H′-[2,6′]biindolyl-3-carbonitrile (24 mg, 62%), utilizing the procedure in example 1Y.

The following compounds are prepared similarly as above: Compounds 752 and 754.

Example 1BM Preparation of 5-acetyl-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-(4-nitro-phenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 844)

1-Ethyl-6-methoxy-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (100 mg, 0.3 mmol), prepared by the method of example 1Gc is suspended in 1,2-dichloroethane (500 μL) at 0° C. Acetyl chloride (50 μL, 0.69 mmol) is added, followed by AlCl₃ (55 mg, 0.4 mmol) in one portion. This is stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour, at room temperature for 4 hours, and at 45° C. overnight. The reaction mixture is then partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (195:5 CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) yields 5-acetyl-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-(4-nitro-phenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (33 mg, 29%) as an orange solid.

Example 1BN Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-5-morpholin-4-ylmethyl-2-(4-nitro-phenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 845)

Step A: 1-Ethyl-6-methoxy-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (100 mg, 0.3 mmol), prepared by the method of example 1Gc, is combined with 1,3,5-trioxane (64 mg, 0.71 mmol) and acetic acid (2.0 mL). 33% HBr in acetic acid (2.0 mL) is added. This is stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The reaction mixture is then partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O. The organic layer is washed with aqueous NaHCO₃, and is subsequently dried and concentrated. The crude material is carried through to the next step.

Step B: Crude 6-bromomethyl-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-(4-nitro-phenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (0.3 mmol) is heated with morpholine (150 μL, 1.75 mmol) and DCE (1.0 mL) at 90° C. overnight. The reaction mixture is then partitioned between H₂O and EtOAc. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (50-100%, EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂), followed by trituration with 1/1 hexane/acetone yields 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-5-morpholin-4-ylmethyl-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (57 mg, 44% overall yield) as a yellow solid.

Example 1BO 2-[4-(1,1-dioxidoisothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-1-cyclopropylmethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 716)

Step A: To a solution of 6-methoxyindole (5.88 g, 40.0 mmol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (9.59 g, 44.0 mmol) in DCM (50 mL) is added, at 40° C. while stirring, DMAP (0.10 g). After stirring overnight, the mixture is washed sequentially with 0.1 N HCl, water and brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent is evaporated and the residue is chromatographed (silica gel, EtOAc/hexanes, 1/7) to provide tert-butyl 6-methoxy-1H-indole-1-carboxylate (8.48 g, 86%).

Step B: The above Boc-indole (3.08 g, 12.5 mmol) and isopropylborate (4.83 mL, 21.9 mmol) are dissolved in anhydrous THF (20 mL) and the solution is cooled at 0° C. While stirring, LDA (12.5 mL, 1.5 M mono-THF complex in cyclohexane, 18.7 mmol) is added dropwise. The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 15 min and then room temperature for 0.5 h, followed by the addition of HCl (6 N, 3.0 mL, 18 mmol) in an ice-water bath. The organic solvent is removed in vacuo and the residue is suspended in H₂O (100 mL) and acidified with HCl (6 N) to pH 4˜5. The precipitate is collected via filtration and washed with water and hexanes and dried in air to provide 1-Boc-6-methoxyindole-2-boronic acid (3.38 g, 93%).

Step C: To a solution of 4-iodoanilline (3.18 g, 14.5 mmol) in pyridine (15 mL) at 0° C., is added 3-chloropropanesulfonyl chloride (2.3 mL, 18.9 mmol). After the addition, the mixture is stirred for 2 h at room temperature, and poured into ice-water (200 mL). The organic is separated and the aqueous layer is extracted with DCM (2×50 mL). The combined organics are washed with HCl (2 N, 2×15 mL), water (2×50 mL) and brine (20 mL) consecutively and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent is then evaporated and the residue is chromatographed to furnish 3-chloro-N-(4-iodophenyl)propane-1-sulfonamide (4.68 g, 90%). The chlorosulfonamide obtained (3.47 g, 9.6 mmol) is then treated with K₂CO₃ (3.33 g, 24.1 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) at 50° C. for 2 h. The mixture is poured into ice-water (300 mL) and the precipitate is collected and dried in air to provide essentially pure 2-(4-iodophenyl)isothiazolidine-1,1-dioxide (3.11 g, 100%).

Step D: To a mixture of 1-Boc-6-methoxyindole-2-boronic acid prepared in step B above (0.36 g, 1.25 mmol), 2-(4-iodophenyl)isothiazolidine-1,1-dioxide (0.32 g, 1.0 mmol) and PdCl₂(dppf) (0.037 g, 0.05 mmol) in DMF (4.0 mL), is added aqueous K₂CO₃ solution (1.5 mL, 2.0 M, 3.0 mmol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight and then poured into ice-water (100 mL). The precipitate is collected and washed with water and purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/EtOAc, 9/1) to furnish 1-Boc-2-[4-(1,1-dioxidoisothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-6-methoxy-1H-indole (0.43 g, 98%).

The following compound is made similarly: Compound 768

Step D: 1-Boc-2-[4-(1,1-dioxidoisothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-6-methoxy-1H-indole (1.63 g, 3.7 mmol) is treated with TFA (25 mL) in DCM (25 mL) at room temperature for 4 h. After the removal of the volatiles, the residue is carefully stirred with saturated NaHCO₃ for 0.5 h. The precipitate is collected via filtration and washed with water thoroughly and dried to provide essentially pure 1-H-2-[4-(1,1-dioxidoisothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-6-methoxyindole (1.17 g, 92%).

Step E: At 0° C., 1-H-2-[4-(1,1-dioxidoisothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-6-methoxyindole (0.95 g, 2.8 mmol) is dissolved in DMF (10 mL) and treated with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (0.36 mL, 4.2 mmol). The mixture is then stirred at room temperature overnight and poured into ice-water (150 mL) then stirred for 0.5 h. The precipitate is collected via filtration and washed thoroughly with water and dried in air to furnish 1-H-2-[4-(1,1-dioxidoisothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-6-methoxyindole-3-carbonitrile (0.89 g, 87%).

The following compound is prepared in the same fashion as described above: Compound 829

Step F: To a solution of 1-H-2-[4-(1,1-dioxidoisothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-6-methoxyindole-3-carbonitrile (73 mg, 0.2 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (69 mg, 0.5 mmol) in DMF (3.0 mL) is added cyclopropylmethyl iodide (0.029 mL, 0.3 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 50° C. overnight and poured into ice-water (10 mL). The precipitate is collected via filtration, washed with water and purified by column chromatography to provide 2-[4-(1,1-dioxidoisothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-6-methoxy-1-cyclopropylmethylindole-3-carbonitrile, compound 716 (73 mg, 87%).

The following compounds are prepared in the same fashion as described above: Compounds 717, 718, 719, 782, 783, 784.

Example 1BP Preparation of 2-[4-(1,1′-dioxo-1λ⁶-isothiazolidin-2-yl)-6-methoxy-3-oxazol-5-yl-1-propyl-1H-indole (compound 805)

Step A: 2-[4-(1,1′-Dioxo-1λ⁶-isothiazolidin-2-yl)-6-methoxy-indole (900 mg, 2.62 mmol), prepared in example 1BO, step D is used to prepare 2-[4-(1,1′-dioxo-1λ⁶-isothiazolidin-2-yl)-6-methoxy-1-propyl-1H-indole (608 mg, 60%), utilizing essentially the same procedure as example 1A, Step B.

Step B: 2-[4-(1,1′-Dioxo-1λ⁶-isothiazolidin-2-yl)-6-methoxy-1-propyl-1H-indole (50 mg, 0.13 mmol) is used to prepare 2-[4-(1,1′-dioxo-1λ⁶-isothiazolidin-2-yl)-6-methoxy-3-oxazol-5-yl-1-propyl-1H-indole (9 mg, 15% overall yield) according to the protocol in example 1P.

Example BQ Preparation of 2-[4-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1-ethyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 842)

Step A: To a solution of 1-ethyl-6-trifluoromethylindole-3-carbonitrile (2.54 g, 10.0 mmol), prepared by the method of procedure 1A, in anhydrous THF (20.0 mL), at −78° C. is added LDA (8.3 mL, 1.5 M mono-THF in cyclohexane, 12.5 mmol) dropwise. The mixture is continued for 0.5 h after the addition, followed by the addition of hexachloroethane and the mixture is then brought to room temperature slowly and stirred for 0.5 h. The solvent is then evaporated and the residue is treated with water. The organics are extracted with dichloromethane, washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The crude product obtained after the removal of the solvent is chromatographed (silica gel, dichloromethane/hexanes, 3/2) to provide 2-chloro-1-ethyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (1.75 g, 64%).

Step B: The chloroindole obtained above (0.27 g, 1.0 mmol), K₂CO₃ (0.35 g, 2.5 mmol) and N-Boc-piperazine (0.28 g, 1.5 mmol) are stirred at 70° C. in DMF (5.0 mL) for 3 days and then poured into water (50 mL). The precipitate is collected via filtration and washed with water. Chromatography of this crude product (silica gel, dichloromethane/ethyl acetate, 9/1) provides 4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, compound 785 (0.30 g, 71%).

The following compounds are prepared in the same fashion as described above, by using other amines: Compounds 514, 785, 786.

Step C: 4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.26 g, 6.1 mmol) is treated with TFA (5 mL) in dichloromethane (5 mL) for 1 h at room temperature. After the removal of the volatiles, the residue is treated with saturated NaHCO₃ and the precipitate is collected via filtration, washed with water thoroughly and dried in air to furnish essentially pure 1-ethyl-2-piperazin-1-yl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (0.20 g, 100%).

Step D: To a solution of 1-ethyl-2-piperazin-1-yl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (32 mg, 0.1 mmol), pyridine (0.1 mL) in dichloromethane (1.0 mL) is added cyclopropanesulfonyl chloride (28 mg, 0.2 mmol) and the mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight. This is then diluted with dichloromethane (5 mL), washed with HCl (2 N, 2×2 mL), water (2×5 mL) and brine (5 mL) and chromatographed over silica gel (dichloromethane/ethyl acetate, 9/1) to provide 2-[4-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1-ethyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, compound 842 (30 mg, 70%).

The following compounds are prepared in the same fashion as described above, using corresponding sulfonyl chlorides: Compounds 841, 843.

Example 1BR Ethanesulfonic acid [3-cyano-2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1-ethyl-1H-indol-6-yl]-amide (compound 835)

Step A: 6-Bromo-2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (0.74 g, 2.0 mmol), compound 831, prepared from 6-bromoindole as described in example 1 Gb, is mixed with K₂CO₃ (0.55 g, 4.0 mmol), CuI (0.02 g, 0.1 mmol), tert-butyl carbamate (0.35 g, 3.0 mmol), N,N′-dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine ligand (0.028 g, 0.2 mmol) and anhydrous toluene (5.0 mL) in a sealed tube. The reaction system is flushed with nitrogen and then stirred at 110° C. overnight. After cooling, the solvent is replaced with dichloromethane and chromatographed (silica gel, dichloromethane) to provide [3-cyano-2-(4-ethoxy-phenyl)-1-ethyl-1H-indol-6-yl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (0.68 g, 84%), compound 832.

Step B: Compound 832 prepared in step A above (0.63 g, 1.56 mmol) is treated with TFA/DCM (7.5 mL/7.5 mL) at room temperature for 2 h, and the volatiles are removed in vacuum. The residue is treated with saturated NaHCO₃ and the precipitate is collected via filtration and washed thoroughly with water, dried in air to provide 6-amino-2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (0.45 g, 96%), compound 833.

Step C: The above amine (31 mg, 0.1 mmol) is treated with ethanesulfonyl chloride (19 mg, 0.15 mmol) in pyridine (1.0 mL) at room temperature overnight to provide, after purification using column chromatography, ethanesulfonic acid [3-cyano-2-(4-ethoxy-phenyl)-1-ethyl-1H-indol-6-yl]-amide (83%), compound 835.

The following compounds are prepared in the same fashion as described above: Compounds 830, 834, 836 and 837.

Example 1BS Preparation of [3-cyano-2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1-ethyl-1H-indol-6-yl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester (compound 838)

6-Amino-2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (31 mg, 0.1 mmol), compound 833, prepared in example 1BR, step B is treated with ethyl chloroformate (16 mg, 0.15 mmol) in pyridine (1.0 mL) at room temperature overnight to furnish, after purification using column chromatography [3-cyano-2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1-ethyl-1H-indol-6-yl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester (30 mg, 79%).

Example 1BT Preparation of 1-[3-cyano-2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1-ethyl-1H-indol-6-yl]-3-ethyl-urea (compound 839)

6-Amino-2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (31 mg, 0.1 mmol) is treated with ethyl isocyanate (14 mg, 0.2 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.0 mL) at 40° C. overnight. The precipitate is collected via filtration, washed with dichloromethane an dried in air to furnish, 1-[3-cyano-2-(4-ethoxy-phenyl)-1-ethyl-1H-indol-6-yl]-3-ethyl-urea (36 mg, 95%).

Example 1BU Preparation of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-urea (compound 442)

To a solution of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (50 mg, 0.172 mmol) in THF (2 mL) is added 2-chloroethyl isocyanate (22 uL, 0.258 mmol) at room temperature. After stirring overnight at reflux, the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and the residue is diluted with ethyl acetate. The resulting semi-solid is triturated with hexane and the precipitate collected is collected by filtration and washed well with 50% ethyl acetate in hexane and dried in vacuo to afford (62 mg, 91%) of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-urea.

Utilizing essentially the same procedure, the following compounds are prepared: Compounds 295, 362, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 443, 444, 445, 446, 511, 512, 513, 600, 620, 626, 627, 628, 679, 680, 681, 740, 741, 742, 743, 748, 749, 750, 751, 774, 817, 818, 846, 847, 848, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 987, 999, 1000, 1001, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1023, 1024, 1027, 1036, 1039, 1043, 1045, 1060, 1061, 1066, 1067, 1070, 1080, 1092, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1106, 1108, 1118, 1120, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1143, 1144, 1156, 1157, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1197, 1190, 1214, 1221, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1225, 1227, 1256, 1279, 1301, 1303, 1304, 1305,

Example 1BV Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-[4-(2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 771)

To a solution of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-urea (100 mg, 0.252 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) is added aqueous 1M KOH (504 uL) and then stirred at 49° C. for 24 h. The solvents are removed under reduced pressure. The residue is diluted with ethyl acetate and then washed with water. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is diluted with ethyl acetate and then triturated with hexane and the precipitate collected by filtration and washed well with 50% ethyl acetate in hexane and dried in vacuo to afford 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-[4-(2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (56 mg, 62%).

Using essentially the same procedure, the following compounds are prepared: Compounds 770, 778

Example 1BW Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-isopropoxy-2-[4-(2-oxo-oxazolidin-3-yl)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 638)

To a solution of [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-isopropoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid 2-chloro-ethyl ester (30 mg, 0.07 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) is added aqueous K₂CO₃ (10 mg) and then stirred at 50° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture is poured into cold water and the precipitate collected by filtration and washed with hexane and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound (21 mg, 81%).

The following compounds are made in similar fashion: Compounds 820, 821, 863, 864.

Example 1BX Preparation of {3-[3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-(3-pyrrolidin-1-yl-propoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid ethyl ester (compound 530)

Step A: To a solution of [3-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester (1.65 g, 4.37 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) is added 1M BBr₃ in DCM (13.12 mL) over a period of 20 min. The reaction mixture is stirred further 1 h at room temperature and then the solvents are removed under reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in MeOH and then poured into cold water. The precipitate is collected by filtration and washed with hexane and dried in vacuo to afford [3-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester (1.5 g, 98%).

Step B: To a solution of [3-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester (1.2 g, 2.91 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) is added K₂CO₃ (538 mg, 3.9 mmol) and 3-bromo-1-chloropropane (383 uL, 3.9 mmol) and the reaction is stirred for overnight at 50° C. The reaction mixture is then poured into cold water and the precipitate is collected by filtration and washed with hexane and dried in vacuo to afford 1.1 g, 89% of the desired product.

Step C: To a solution of {3-[3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-(3-pyrrolidin-1-yl-propoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid ethyl ester (50 mg, 0.12 mmol) in CH₃CN (2 mL) is added DIPEA (31 uL, 0.18 mmol), sodium iodide (20 mg, 0.132 mmol) and pyrrolidine (30 uL, 0.36 mmol). The resulting mixture is stirred at reflux temperature for overnight. The solvent is evaporated and the residue is diluted with ethyl acetate and then triturated with hexane and the precipitate collected by filtration and washed well with 50% ethyl acetate in hexane and dried in vacuo to afford 1-ethyl-6-isopropoxy-2-[4-(2-oxo-oxazolidin-3-yl)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, compound 638 (46 mg, 85%).

The following compounds are made in similar fashion following steps A-C, above: Compounds 441, 447, 491, 492, 493, 504, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539.

Example 1BY Preparation of [3-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-thiourea (Compound 767)

Step A: The starting material 2-(3-amino-phenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (187 mg, 0.642 mmol) is dissolved in anhydrous acetone (3.0 mL). Benzoyl isothiocyanate (107 mg, 0.656 mmol) is added to the solution at room temperature and the mixture is stirred for 17 h during which time a precipitate forms. The precipitate is filtered, washed with acetone and dried to give 264 mg of 1-benzoyl-3-[3-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-thiourea (90% yield) as a light yellow solid.

Step B: A suspension of 1-benzoyl-3-[3-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-thiourea (241 mg, 0.530 mmol) in methyl alcohol (2.0 ml) and water (0.5 mL) is stirred at room temperature as sodium hydroxide (31 mg, 0.78 mmol) is added. The reaction mixture is heated to 50° C. for 17 h. The reaction mixture is concentrated to remove methyl alcohol. Water is added to the mixture and the solid is filtered, washed with water and dried to give 179 mg of [3-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-thiourea, compound 767 (96% yield) as a white solid.

Example 1BZ Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-[4-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (Compound 458)

A solution of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (100 mg, 0.343 mmol), 4-chloro-2-phenyl-quinazoline (83 mg, 0.34 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.10 mL, 0.57 mmol) in absolute ethanol (3 mL) is heated to reflux overnight. The solution is cooled and evaporated, and the residue taken up in ethyl acetate (50 mL). This is washed with water and saturated brine (50 mL each), then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The resulting solid is triturated with ether, collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to afford 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-[4-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (139 mg, 0.280 mmol, 82%).

Example 1CA Preparation of diethyl [4-(3-cyano-6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-phosphoramidate (compound 772)

A solution of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (148 mg, 0.484 mmol), diethyl chlorophosphate (0.086 mL, 0.58 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.10 mL, 0.57 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) is stirred at ambient temperature for 12 hours, then heated to 80° C. for an additional 24 hours. The solution is cooled and poured into 50 mL of ethyl acetate. This is washed with water and saturated brine (50 mL each), then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The residual material is separated by flash chromatography (eluting 2/1 ethyl acetate/hexane on silica gel 60) to afford diethyl [4-(3-cyano-6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-phosphoramidate (108 mg, 0.245 mmol, 51%) as a white powder after evaporation.

The following examples are made in similar fashion: Compounds 936, 937, 942, 943, 944, 1081.

Example 1CB Preparation of 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-[4-(5-methyl-1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-[1,2,5]thiadiazolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 726)

Step A: To a solution of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (202 mg, 0.693 mmol) in pyridine (2.0 mL) is added the N-β-(chloroethylamino)sulfonyl chloride (222 mg, 1.39 mmol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 17 h then water (12.0 mL) is added and the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×2 mL). The extract is washed with 10% aqueous HCl (2×2 mL), water (2×2 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated on a rotary evaporator. The crude product is purified by flash chromatography (0-5%, ethyl acetate/methylene chloride) to give 217 mg of N-(2-chloro-ethyl)-N′-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)phenyl]sulfamide, compound 724, as a tan solid (75% yield).

In similar fashion the following compounds are prepared: Compounds 540, 541, 542, 574, 576, 704.

Step B: To a solution of N-(2-chloro-ethyl)-N′-[4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)phenyl]sulfamide (100 mg, 0.241 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (1.25 mL), is added potassium carbonate (71.0 mg, 0.514 mmol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 17 h, then diluted with water (7.5 mL). The reaction mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×2 mL) and the extract is washed with water (2×2 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give 2-[4-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-[1,2,5]thiadiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, compound 725, as a white solid (84 mg, 88% yield).

In similar fashion the following compound is prepared: Compound 705.

Step C: To a solution of 2-[4-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-[1,2,5]thiadiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (34 mg, 0.086 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (1.0 mL) is added potassium carbonate (25 mg, 0.18 mmol) and iodomethane (20.4 mg, 0.144 mmol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then diluted with water (6.0 mL) to give a precipitate. The precipitate is filtered, washed with water and dried to give 1-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-[4-(5-methyl-1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-[1,2,5]thiadiazolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, compound 726, as a white solid (35 mg, 98% yield).

In similar fashion the following compounds are prepared: Compounds 727, 1110.

Example 1CC Preparation of [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-2-fluorophenyl]-carbamic acid propyl ester (compound 877)

A biphasic mixture of 2-(4-amino-3-fluorophenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (74 mg, 0.24 mmol), prepared as described in example 1 Gb, and propyl chloroformate (0.033 mL, 0.29 mmol) in EtOAc (3 mL) and saturated NaHCO₃ (3 mL) is prepared at 0° C. and then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 24 h. The reaction is then diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic phases are washed with H₂O and saturated NaCl and then dried and concentrated. Flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes 10-40%) gives 60 mg (63%) of [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-2-fluorophenyl]-carbamic acid propyl ester as an off-white solid.

The following compounds are prepared in a similar fashion: Compounds 875, 876, 878, 879. By utilizing 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile the following compounds are prepared: Compounds: 963, 964, 965.

Utilizing the same starting material and procedures described in examples 1Y, the following compounds are prepared: Compounds 871, 872, 873, 874. In similar fashion, utilizing 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, the following compounds are prepared: Compounds 959, 960, 961, 962.

Utilizing the same starting material and procedures described in examples 1BU, the following compounds are prepared: 909, 910, 911. In a similar fashion, utilizing 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile, the following compounds are prepared: Compound: 966, 967.

Example CD Preparation of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid {4-[3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-(2-imidazol-1-yl-ethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-amide (compound 1183)

Step A: To a solution of compound 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (3.66 g, 12 mmol), prepared as described in example 1 Gb, in 20 mL of THF is added Et₃N (3.37 ml) and cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride (1.6 mL, 18 mmol). The mixture is stirred for 3 h at room temperature. Then water and ethyl acetate are added to the reaction mixture. The organic layer is separated, washed with brine (2×), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue is recrystallized with ethyl acetate and hexane to yield 99% of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(3-cyano-6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-amide.

Step B: To a solution of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(3-cyano-6-ethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-amide (4.4 g, 11.8 mmol) in 60 mL of DCM is added BBr₃ (6.65 mL, 70 mmol) at −10° C. After the addition, the mixture is stirred for 3 h at 0° C. Then aqueous NaHCO₃ is added to the mixture carefully until it became basic. The crude solid is collected by filtration to give 91% of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-amide and is used for the next step without further purification.

Step C: To a solution of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-amide (4 g, 11.6 mmol) in 15 mL of MEK is added K₂CO₃ (8 g, 58 mmol) and 1-bromo-2-chloro-ethane (6.7 mL, 70 mmol). Then the mixture is heated at reflux overnight. After it is cooled to room temperature, water and ethyl acetate are added. The organic layer is separated, washed with brine (2×), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to yield 81% of the crude cyclopropanecarboxylic acid {4-[6-(2-chloroethoxy)-3-cyano-1-ethyl-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-amide.

Step D: To a solution of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid {4-[6-(2-chloroethoxy)-3-cyano-1-ethyl-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-amide (102 mg, 0.25 mmol) in 1.5 mL of acetonitrile are added NaI (46 mg, 0.275 mmol), K₂CO₃ (138 mg, 1 mmol) and imidazole (51 mg, 0.75 mmol) in a sealed tube. Then the mixture is heated to 90° C. and stirred overnight. After it is cooled to room temperature, water and ethyl acetate are added. The organic layer is separated, washed with brine (2×), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude compound is purified by preparative HPLC to give 71% of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid {4-[3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-(2-imidazol-1-yl-ethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-amide.

Using the same procedure and substituting the appropriate nucleophilic reagents gives the following compounds: Compounds 952, 1025, 1054, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1184.

Example CE Preparation of ethanesulfonic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-trifluoromethoxyindol-2-yl)phenyl]amide (compound 881)

Step A: To a suspension of t-BuONO (8.01 mL, 67.5 mmol) and CuCl₂ (7.26 g, 54 mmol) in acetonitrile (50 mL), at 61° C. with gentle stirring, is added 2-nitro-4-trifluoromethoxyaniline (10.0 g, 45.0 mmol) portionwise. The mixture is stirred at this temperature for 2 h after the addition. The solvent is removed on a rotorvap and the residue is treated with HCl (6 N, 200 mL), and extracted with dichloromethane (3×100 mL). The extracts are combined, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and passed through a short silica gel pad. The solvent is removed and the residue is added to a suspension of benzyl cyanoacetate (7.88 g, 45 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (12.42 g, 90 mmol) in DMF (100 mL). This mixture is then stirred at 45° C. overnight and poured into ice-water (700 mL), and extracted with dichloromethane (3×100 mL). The organics are dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and again passed through a short silica gel pad, eluting with ethyl acetate. The solvent is then replaced with EtOH (160 mL), acetic acid (16 mL) and water (16 mL), and the reaction mixture is hydrogenated over 5% Pd/C (2.80 g) at 50 psi overnight. The mixture is filtered over Celite and the volatiles are removed in vacuo. The residue is dissolved in dichloromethane (200 mL), washed with Na₂CO₃ (2 M, 2×50 mL), water (2×50 mL), brine (50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The crude product, obtained after the removal of the solvent, is chromatographed (silica gel, DCM/Hexanes, 1/1) to provide 6-trifluoromethoxyindole (5.70 g, 63% based on 2-nitro-4-trifluoromethoxyaniline).

Step B: To a solution of 6-trifluoromethoxyindole (2.68 g, 13.3 mmol) in dry DMF (10 mL) at 0° C., is added chlorosulfonylisocyanate (2.35 g, 1.44 mL, 16.6 mmol). The mixture is then brought to room temperature slowly and stirred for 1 h. The mixture is poured into ice (100 mL) and stirred for 1 h. The precipitate is collected by filtration and washed thoroughly with water and dried in vacuo, which is then dissolved in DMF (15 mL). To the solution is added K₂CO₃ and EtI (2.59 g, 1.34 mL, 16.6 mmol), and the mixture is stirred at 50° C. overnight. It is then poured into ice-water (200 mL). The precipitate is collected by filtration and washed with water, dried in air and purified by chromatography (silica gel, DCM) to furnish 1-ethyl-6-trifluoromethoxyindole-3-carbonitrile (2.90 g, 86%).

Step C: To a solution of the intermediate (2.03 g, 8.0 mmol) obtained above, triisopropylborate (2.16 g, 2.65 mL, 12.0 mmol) in dry THF (15 mL) at −78° C. is added LDA (6.7 mL, 1.5 M, 10.0 mmol). The mixture is stirred at −78° C. for 15 min after the addition, then slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for 30 min. It is then cooled at −78° C. and followed by the addition of 4-iodoaniline (2.10 g, 9.6 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (0.29 g, 0.4 mmol), DMF (30 mL) and K₂CO₃ (12.0 mL, 2.0 M, 24.0 mmol). The mixture is brought to room temperature slowly and stirred overnight and poured into ice-water (400 mL). The precipitate is collected and washed with water, chromatographed (silica gel, EtOAc/DCM, 0.5/9.5) to furnish 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-ethyl-6-trifluoromethoxyindole-3-carbonitrile (1.99 g, 72%).

Step D: To a solution of the compound obtained in step C (31 mg, 0.1 mmol) in dry pyridine (1.0 mL) is added ethanesulfonyl chloride (14 μL, 0.15 mmol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight and diluted with water (5 mL). The organic is extracted with DCM (5 mL) and washed with HCl (2N, 2×3 mL), water (2×4 mL) and brine (3 mL) and chromatographed (silica gel, EtOAc/DCM, 0.5/9.5) to provide the product, ethanesulfonic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-ethyl-6-trifluoromethoxyindol-2-yl)phenyl]amide (33 mg, 83%).

Compounds 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889 are prepared utilizing the above route using either the appropriate alkylsulfonyl chlorides (procedure 1Y) or chloroformates (procedure 1AJ).

Example 1CF Preparation of 2-[4-(1,1-dioxidoisothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-1-ethyl-6-(trifluoromethoxy)indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 903)

Step A: To a solution of 6-trifluoromethoxyindole (3.01 g, 15.0 mmol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (3.59 g, 16.5 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) at 40° C. is added DMAP (0.04 g) while stirring. After stirring overnight, the mixture is washed sequentially with 0.1 N HCl, water and brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent is evaporated and the residue is chromatographed (silica gel, EtOAc/Hexanes, 1/9) to provide tert-butyl 6-trifluoromethoxy-1H-indole-1-carboxylate.

Step B: The above Boc-indole and triisopropylborate (4.73 g, 5.8 mL, 26.3 mmol) are dissolved in anhydrous THF (20 mL) and the solution is cooled to 0° C. While stirring, LDA (15.0 mL, 1.5 M mono-THF complex in cyclohexane, 22.5 mmol) is added dropwise. The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 15 min and then room temperature for 0.5 h, followed by the addition of HCl (6 N, 3.75 mL, 22.5 mmol) in an ice-water bath. The organic solvent is removed in vacuo and the residue is suspended in H₂O (100 mL) and acidified with HCl (6 N) to pH 4-5. The precipitate is collected via filtration and washed with water and hexanes and dried in air to provide 1-Boc-6-trifluoromethoxyindole-2-boronic acid (2.56 g, 49%).

Step C: To a mixture of 1-Boc-6-trifluoromethoxyindole-2-boronic acid prepared above (0.74 g, 2.1 mmol), 2-(4-iodophenyl)isothiazolidine-1,1-dioxide (0.76 g, 2.4 mmol), and PdCl₂(dppf) (0.08 g, 0.1 mmol) in DMF (6.0 mL), is added K₂CO₃ solution (3.2 mL, 2.0 M, 6.4 mmol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight and then poured into ice-water (100 mL). The precipitate is collected and washed with water and purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/EtOAc, 9/1) to furnish 1-Boc-2-[4-(1,1-dioxidoisothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-6-methoxyindole, which is treated with 50% TFA in DCM (15 mL) at room temperature for 1 h. After the removal of the volatiles, the residue is carefully stirred with saturated NaHCO₃ for 0.5 h. The precipitate is collected via filtration and washed thoroughly with water and dried to provide essentially pure 1-H-2-[4-(1,1-dioxidoisothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-6-trifluoromethoxyindole.

Step D: At 0° C., a solution of the intermediate obtained above in dry DMF (10 mL) is treated with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (0.38 g, 0.23 mL, 2.68 mmol). The mixture is then stirred at room temperature overnight and poured into ice-water (150 mL) then stirred for 0.5 h. The precipitate is collected via filtration and washed thoroughly with water and dried in air to furnish 1-H-2-[4-(1,1-dioxidoisothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-6-trifluoromethoxyindole-3-carbonitrile (0.81 g, 90%).

Step E: To a solution of 1-H-2-[4-(1,1-dioxidoisothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-6-trifluoromethoxyindole-3-carbonitrile (63 mg, 0.15 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (62 mg, 0.45 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) is added ethyl iodide (36 μL, 0.45 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 50° C. overnight and poured into ice-water (10 mL). The precipitate is collected via filtration, washed with water and purified by column chromatography to provide 2-[4-(1,1-dioxidoisothiazolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-6-trifluoromethoxy-1-ethylindole-3-carbonitrile (59 mg, 88%).

The following compounds are prepared in the same fashion as described above: Compounds 902, 904, 905, 906.

Example 1CG Preparation of [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclopropyl-6-methoxyindol-2-yl)phenyl]carbamic acid isopropyl ester (compound 1234)

Step A: To a suspension of 2-bromo-4-methoxyphenylacetic acid (24.5 g, 100 mmol) in DCM (100 mL), while stirring, is added DMF (˜10 mL) until all the solid disappears, which is followed by the addition of DCC (22.66 g, 110 mmol) and HOBt (14.85 g, 110 mmol). After stirring at RT for 10 min, cyclopropylamine (8.55 g, 10.4 mL, 150 mmol) is added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture is stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The solid is filtered and washed thoroughly with DCM (300 mL). The filtrate is cooled to −10° C. and gently stirred for 1 h and filtered again to remove additional urea by-product. The filtrate is passed through a silica gel pad and eluted with DCM/EtOAc, 8/2). After the removal of the solvent, the cyclopropyl amide intermediate is obtained as white solid (28.34 g, 100%).

Step B: A mixture of above amide (14.2 g, 50.0 mmol), K₂CO₃ (13.8 g, 100 mmol), CuI (0.74 g, 5.0 mmol) and N,N′-dimethylcyclohexanediamine (1.42 g, 1.57 mL, 10.0 mmol) in toluene (150 mL) is stirred at 110° C. under N₂ atmosphere for 48 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture is filtered over Celite and washed thoroughly with DCM. The filtrate is evaporated under reduced pressure to dryness and the residue is chromatographed (DCM/EtOAc, 9.5/0.5) to provide the product, 1-cyclopropyl-6-methoxyoxindole as pale yellow solid (4.30 g, 42%).

Step C: To a solution of the oxindole obtained above (5.0 g, 24.6 mmol) in dry DCM (25 mL), at 0° C., is added DIBAL-H (1.0 M in DCM, 35.0 mL, 35.0 mmol). After the addition, the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 4 h and re-cooled to 0° C., followed by the addition of HCl (2 N) dropwise. The DCM layer is washed with HCl (2 N, 10 mL) water and brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The crude product obtained after the removal of the solvent is chromatographed (hexanes/EtOAc, 9.5/0.5) to provide the 1-cyclopropyl-6-methoxyindole as a colorless oil (4.52 g, 98%).

Step D: To a solution of 1-cyclopropyl-6-methoxylindole (3.29 g, 17.6 mmol) in dry DMF (30 mL), at 0° C., is added chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (3.11 g, 1.91 mL, 22.0 mmol). After the addition, the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 h, followed by aqueous work-up. Chromatography (silica gel, hexanes/EtOAc, 9/1) furnishes 3-cyano-1-cyclopropyl-6-methoxyindole (3.05 g, 82%).

Step E: To a solution of the intermediate (2.65 g, 12.5 mmol) obtained above and triisopropyl borate (3.38 g, 4.14 mL, 18.8 mmol) in dry THF (18 mL) at −78° C. is added LDA (10 mL, 1.5 M, 15.0 mmol). The mixture is stirred at −78° C. for 15 min after the addition, then slowly brought to room temperature and stirred for 30 min. It is then cooled at −78° C. and followed by the addition of 4-iodoaniline (3.29 g, 15.0 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (0.46 g, 0.6 mmol), DMF (40 mL) and K₂CO₃ (18.8 mL, 2.0 M, 37.6 mmol). The mixture is brought to room temperature slowly and stirred overnight and then poured into ice-water (400 mL). The precipitate is collected and washed with water, and after drying, is chromatographed (silica gel, EtOAc/DCM, 0.5/9.5) to furnish 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-cyclopropyl-6-methoxyindole-3-carbonitrile (2.84 g, 75%).

Step F: To a solution of the compound obtained in step E (61 mg, 0.2 mmol) in dry pyridine (2.0 mL) is added isopropylchloroformate (0.3 mL, 1.0 M, 0.3 mmol) in toluene. The mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight and diluted with water (10 mL). The organic layer is extracted with DCM (10 mL) and washed with HCl (2N, 2×3 mL), water (2×4 mL) and brine (3 mL) and chromatographed (silica gel, EtOAc/DCM, 0.5/9.5) to provide the product, [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclopropyl-6-methoxyindol-2-yl)phenyl]carbamic acid isopropyl ester (66 mg, 85%).

Compounds 1235 and 1236 are prepared by utilizing the above chemistry.

Example 1CH Preparation of 1-allyl-6-methoxy-2-[4-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 938)

Utilizing the procedure described in Example 1 Gb, substituting 1-allyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (92.3 mg, 0.43 mmol) and 1-(4-iodophenyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one gives 99.0 mg (61.3% yield) of compounds 938.

Example 1CI Preparation of 6-cyclopropoxy-2-[4-(1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶-isothiazolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 1046)

Step A: Utilizing the procedure described in Example 1B (Step A) gives 6-hydroxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile.

Step B: To a solution of 6-hydroxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (503.9 mg, 2.70 mmol) in 5 mL of DMF is added anhydrous K₂CO₃ (1.12 g, 8.12 mmol) and 1-bromo 2-fluoroethane (413.7 mg, 3.29 mmol). The resulting mixture is stirred at 80° C. until complete consumption of the starting material as determined by TLC. The reaction mixture is cooled, potassium tert-butoxide (1M solution in THF, 5.5 ml, 5.43 mmol) is added, and stirring continued at 80° C. overnight. The mixture is partitioned between EtOAc (30 mL) and 1N HCl (20 mL). The organic phase is washed with saturated NaHCO₃, saturated NaCl and dried and concentrated. The product is isolated by chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes, 10-25%) over silica gel to afford 430.2 mg (74.9%) 1-ethyl-6-vinyloxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as a white solid.

Step C: Via a syringe, diethyl zinc is added to a mixture of 1-ethyl-6-vinyloxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (288.1 mg, 1.36 mmol), chloroiodomethane (268.9 mg, 1.53 mmol) and 5 ml of 1,2-dichloroethane over a period of 10 min, maintaining the temperature at −10° C. The mixture is warmed to 20-25° C. for 20 min., and then cooled back to 0° C. Saturated NH₄Cl (15 mL), concentrated ammonium hydroxide (15 mL), and ethyl acetate (15 mL) are added in sequence at this temperature, and stirred for 10 min. After the phases are separated, the aqueous phase is back-extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL). The combined organic phases are washed with saturated NH₄Cl (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and then the solution is concentrated and the product is purified by chromatography, eluting with 15-30% ethyl acetate/hexanes to afford 140.5 mg (45.7% yield) of 6-cyclopropoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as a yellow solid.

Step D: Utilizing the same procedure described in Example 1 Gb substituting 4-iodoaniline with 2-(4-iodo-phenyl)-isothiazolidine 1,1-dioxide gives the title compound.

In similar fashion, following steps A to D, above, compound 1047 is also prepared.

Example CJ Propane-1-sulfonic acid [4-(3-cyano-6-difluoromethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indoel-2-yl)-phenyl]-amide (compound 928)

Step A: A solution of 6-difluoromethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (316.3 mg, 1.34 mmol) and triisopropyl borate (402.9 mg, 2.14 mmol) in THF (15 mL) is cooled to −78° C. and treated with LDA (1.5 M mono-THF in cyclohexane, 1.07 mL, 1.61 mmol). After the addition, the acetone/dry ice bath is exchanged for an ice water bath and the solution is stirred further for 30 min. The solution is cooled to −78° C. and a solution of 4-iodoaniline (299.5 mg, 1.37 mmol) in DMF (8 mL), K₂CO₃ (2M, 2.01 mL, 6.02 mmol) and PdCl₂dppf (51.3 mg, 0.07 mmol) are added in sequence. The mixture is degassed by three successive cycles of vacuum pumping/N₂ purging and is stirred overnight (ca. 16 h.). The reaction mixture is poured into 4 volumes of water, and 4 volumes of ethyl acetate are added. The phases are separated, and the aqueous phase is extracted with more ethyl acetate. The organic phases are washed by water, saturated NaCl and then dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated. The remaining material is purified by column chromatography, eluting with 5-15% ethyl acetate/hexanes on silica gel to yield 304.5 mg (70%) of the aniline intermediate as a white solid.

Step B: Utilizing the same procedure described in Example 1Y and substituting n-propylsulfonyl chloride gives the title compound.

The following compounds are made using essentially the same procedure and substituting other sulfonyl chlorides: Compounds 929, 930, 931.

Example 1CK [4-(3-cyano-6-difluoromethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid methyl ester (compound 1130)

A solution of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-difluoromethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (200 mg, 0.611 mmol) and methyl chloroformate (95 μL, 1.23 mmol) in ethyl acetate (2 mL) is treated with 2 M aqueous potassium carbonate solution (0.370 mL, 0.74 mmol), and the resulting mixture is stirred vigorously overnight. Saturated brine solution (1 mL) is added, and the mixture is stirred for 10 minutes. The organic layer is removed, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The resulting solid is triturated with 1/1 ether-hexane, collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to afford the title product as a white solid.

Similarly prepared from appropriate reagents are: Compounds 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135.

Example 1CL 1-[4-(3-cyano-6-difluoromethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-3-propyl-urea (Compound 893)

A solution of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-difluoromethoxy-1-ethyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (200 mg, 0.611 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) is treated with n-propylisocyanate (115 mL, 1.23 mmol) and triethylamine (170 mL, 1.22 mmol). The resulting solution is stirred at ambient temperature for 12 hours, and then concentrated. The residual material is separated by silica gel chromatography (1/2 ethyl acetate-hexane) to afford the title product as a solid.

Similarly prepared from appropriate reagents are: Compounds 892, 894.

Example 1CM Preparation of morpholine-4-carboxylic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-amide (compound 1166)

Step A: 6-Ethoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (2.8 g, 15 mmol), prepared as shown in example 1A, step A, is combined with Cs₂CO₃ (11.6 g, 35.6 mmol), DMF (21 mL), and cyclobutyl bromide (1.73 mL, 17.9 mmol) in a capped tube. The reaction mixture is heated at 80° C. for 8 h. This is then quenched with H₂O (200 mL) and is extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer is backwashed with H₂O, and then with brine. The organic phase is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (hexanes/CH₂Cl₂, 50-100%) yields 1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (3.00 g, 83%) as a white solid.

Step B: Following essentially the procedure in example 1 Gb, 1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (3.0 g, 12.4 mmol) is converted via Suzuki coupling to yield 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (2.60 g, 68%) as an off-white solid.

Step C: 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (40 mg, 0.12 mmol), 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (60 mg, 0.30 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (400 μL), and pyridine (25 μL, 0.31 mmol) are stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Morpholine (60 μL, 0.70 mmol) is added. After stirring at room temperature for an additional 30 minutes, the reaction mixture is diluted in CH₂Cl₂ and is washed with dilute aqueous NaOH to remove the yellow nitrophenol byproduct. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc, 7/3) yields morpholine-4-carboxylic acid [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-amide (53 mg, 100%) as a white solid.

The following compounds are prepared in a similar fashion, using the appropriate amine in the final step: compounds 1087, 1088, 1089, 1119, 1159, 1168, 1191, 1266, 1288, 1324, 1325, 1326.

Example 1CN Preparation of rac-[4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (compound 1147)

2-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (50 mg, 0.15 mmol), prepared as in example 1CM, step B, ias combined with 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (76 mg, 0.38 mmol), DCE (0.5 mL), and pyridine (30 μL, 0.37 mmol). This suspension is stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Rac-cyclopropyl methyl carbinol (100 μL, 0.98 mmol) is added. This mixture is heated at 75° C. overnight. The reaction mixture is then diluted in CH₂Cl₂ and is washed with dilute aqueous NaOH to remove the yellow nitrophenol byproduct. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (CH₂Cl₂) yields rac-[4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (40 mg, 60%) as a white solid.

The following compounds are prepared in a similar fashion, using the appropriate alcohols: Compounds 1146, 1158, 1167, 1192, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1215, 1216, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1264, 1265, 1267, 1268, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1286, 1287, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1312, 1313.

Example 1CO Preparation of 1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-2-(4-ethylaminophenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 1239)

Step A: 2-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (600 mg, 1.81 mmol), prepared as in example 1CM, step B, is suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (18 mL), and Et₃N (390 μL, 2.7 mmol). Trifluoroacetic anhydride (310 μL, 2.2 mmol) is added dropwise. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, after which time dissolution is complete. The reaction mixture is then washed with saturated NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer is dried and concentrated to yield N-[4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoro-acetamide (802 mg, 100%) as a yellow solid.

Step B: N-[4-(3-Cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoro-acetamide (800 mg, 1.8 mmol) is dissolved in DMF (10 mL). NaH (140 mg, 60% oil suspension, 3.5 mmol) is added. This is stirred at room temperature for a few minutes, after which ethyl iodide (176 μL, 2.2 mmol) is added. This is stirred at room temperature overnight, and then at 75° C. for 6 h. Additional portions of NaH (200 mg, 5.0 mmol) and iodoethane (200 μL, 2.5 mmol) are necessary to push the reaction further. This is heated overnight at 75° C. Additional ethyl iodide (200 μL, 2.5 mmol) is added. This is heated for another 2 h. The reaction mixture is then diluted in H₂O and is extracted into EtOAc. The EtOAc layer is dried and concentrated. Silica gel chromatography (CH₂Cl₂) yields 384 mg of an inseparable mixture of expected N-[4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-N-ethyl-2,2,2-trifluoro-acetamide and hydrolyzed 1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-2-(4-ethylamino-phenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile.

Step C: The crude mixture from the previous step is dissolved in methanol (5 mL). 6N NaOH (1.0 mL, 6 mmol) is added, and the mixture is heated at 80° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture is then diluted in H₂O and is extracted into CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (CH₂Cl₂) yields pure 1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-2-(4-ethylaminophenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (343 mg, 53% over two steps) as a white solid.

1-Cyclobutyl-2-(4-diethylamino-phenyl)-6-ethoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 1217, 77 mg, 11%) is isolated as a byproduct of the reaction described in example 1CO, step B.

Example 1CP Preparation of [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl-carbamic acid cyclopentyl ester (compound 1251)

1-Cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-2-(4-ethylaminophenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (35 mg, 0.10 mmol), prepared as in example 1CO, step C, is dissolved in pyridine (300 μL). Cyclopentyl chloroformate (25 μL, 0.17 mmol) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2.5 h. More chloroformate (10 μL, 0.07 mmol) is added to drive the reaction to completion. After an additional 90 min of stirring, the reaction mixture is partitioned between aqueous HCl and EtOAc. The organic layer is dried and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography yields [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-ethoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl-carbamic acid cyclopentyl ester (41 mg, 87%) as a white solid.

Compound 1252 is prepared similarly using the appropriate chloroformate.

Example 1CQ Preparation of {4-[3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-(3-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl-propoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid isopropyl ester (compound 1255)

Step A: To a solution [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid isopropyl ester (950 mg, 2.35 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) is added BBr₃ (556 uL, 5.9 mmol) over a period of 20 min. The reaction mixture is stirred further for 1 h at room temperature and then water (1 mL) is added. The solvents are removed under reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in MeOH and then poured into cold water. The precipitate is collected by filtration and washed with hexane and dried in vacuo to afford [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid isopropyl ester (650 mg, 71%).

Step B: To a solution of [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid isopropyl ester (340 mg, 0.87 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) is added K₂CO₃ (132 mg, 0.96 mmol) and 3-bromo-1-chloropropane (172 uL, 1.75 mmol) and the reaction is stirred for 5 h at 60° C. The reaction mixture is then poured into cold water and the precipitate is collected by filtration and washed with hexane and dried in vacuo to afford 370 mg (92%) of the desired product.

Step C: To a solution of {4-[6-(3-chloro-propoxy)-3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid isopropyl ester (37 mg, 0.08 mmol) in CH₃CN (1 mL) is added sodium iodide (71 mg, 0.48 mmol). The resulting mixture is stirred at reflux temperature overnight. The solvent is then evaporated and the residue is diluted with anhydrous DMF (1 mL) and then treated with the sodium salt of 1,2,4-triazole (0.16 mmol) at room temperature overnight. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure and the residue is diluted with ethyl acetate and then washed with water. The organic layer is concentrated and triturated with hexane and the precipitate is collected by filtration and washed well with 50% ethyl acetate in hexane and dried in vacuo to afford {4-[3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-(3-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl-propoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid isopropyl ester, compound 1255 (31 mg, 78%).

The following compounds are made in similar fashion following steps A-C, above: Compounds 1253, 1254, 1260, 1261, 1262.

Example 1CR Preparation of {4-[3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-(2-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl-ethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid isopropyl ester (compound 1276)

Step A: To a solution of [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid isopropyl ester (390 mg, 1.0 mmol) in CH₃CN (5 mL) is added K₂CO₃ (414 mg, 3.0 mmol) and 3-bromo-1-chloroethane (250 uL, 3.0 mmol) and the reaction is stirred for 18 h at 80° C. The reaction mixture is then poured into cold water and the precipitate is collected by filtration and washed with hexane and dried in vacuo to afford 420 mg, 93% of the desired product.

Step B: To a solution of {4-[6-(3-chloroethoxy)-3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid isopropyl ester (42 mg, 0.09 mmol) in CH₃CN (1 mL) is added sodium iodide (56 mg, 0.37 mmol). The resulting mixture is stirred at reflux temperature overnight. The solvent is evaporated and the residue is diluted with anhydrous DMF (1 mL) and then treated with the sodium salt of 1,2,4-triazole (0.18 mmol) at room temperature for overnight. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure and the residue is diluted with ethyl acetate and then washed with water. The organic layer is concentrated and triturated with hexane. The precipitate is collected by filtration and washed well with 50% ethyl acetate in hexane and dried in vacuo to afford {4-[3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-(3-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl-ethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid isopropyl ester, compound 1276 (28 mg, 64%).

The following compounds are made in similar fashion following steps A and B, above: Compounds 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278.

Example 1CS Preparation of {-4-[3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-(2-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl-ethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (compound 1329)

Step A: To a solution of 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (909 mg, 3 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) is added 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (6 mmol) at room temperature and then stirred for 2 h at room temperature. To the reaction is added cyclopropyl methyl carbinol and then stirred for 8 h at 80° C. The reaction mixture is diluted with 1N HCl and then extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is concentrated and the residue is dissolved in EtOAc and triturated with hexane. The precipitate is collected by filtration and washed with hexane and dried in vacuo to afford [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (996 mg, 80%).

Step B: To a solution of [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (1.5 g, 3.61 mmol) in CH₃CN (8 mL) is added K₂CO₃ (1.5 g, 10.8 mmol) and 2-bromo-1-chloroethane (895 uL, 10.8 mmol) and the reaction is stirred for 18 h at 80° C. The reaction mixture is then poured into cold water and the precipitate is collected by filtration and washed with hexane and dried in vacuo to afford 1.46 g, 84% of the desired product.

Step C: To a solution of {4-[6-(2-chloroethoxy)-3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (1.46 g, 3.05 mmol) in CH₃CN (10 mL) is added sodium iodide (1.84 g, 12.22 mmol). The resulting mixture is stirred at reflux temperature overnight. The solvent is evaporated and the residue is diluted with anhydrous DMF (20 mL) and then used without further purification. To 1 mL of the DMF solution containing the iodoethyl intermediate (0.153 mmol) is added the sodium salt of 1,2,4-triazole (0.31 mmol) and the reaction is stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with 0.5 mL DMF and the desired product is purified by preparative LC to give {4-[3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-(2-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl-ethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester, compound 1329 (23 mg, 29%).

The following compounds are made in similar fashion following steps A-C, above: Compounds 1327, 1328.

Example 1CT Preparation of 1-{4-[3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-(3-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl-propoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-3-isopropyl-urea (compound 1314)

Step A: To a solution of 1-[4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-3-isopropyl-urea (2.21 g, 5.49 mmol in CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) is added a 1M solution of BBr₃ in CH₂Cl₂ (16.5 mL, 16.5 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and kept for 1 h. The reaction mixture is then poured onto ice and aqueous 1M NaHCO₃ is added until the pH is 7-8. The product is extracted with 100 mL of ethyl acetate (3×) and the organic phases are washed with 100 mL of saturated NaCl. The organic phases are combined and dried over MgSO₄. Solvent is removed to recover 1.95 g (92%) of 1-[4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-3-isopropyl-urea, as a tan solid.

Step B: To a solution of 1-[4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-3-isopropyl-urea (750 mg, 1.93 mmol) in 10 mL of acetonitrile is added anhydrous K₂CO₃ (800 mg, 5.79 mmol) and 1-bromo-3-chloropropane (382 μL, 3.86 mmol). After stirring overnight at 80° C., the reaction mixture is cooled and solvent is removed. The reaction is re-suspended in 100 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with 200 mL of H₂O, and the aqueous phase is re-extracted 2× with 100 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic phases are combined, dried over MgSO₄ and the solvent is removed to afford 769 mg (86%) of 1-{4-[6-(3-chloropropoxy)-3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-3-isopropyl-urea as a tan powder.

Step C: To a solution of 1-{4-[6-(3-chloropropoxy)-3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-3-isopropyl-urea (400 mg, 0.860 mmol) in 8 mL of acetonitrile/DMF, (4/1) is added anhydrous NaI (258 mg, 1.72 mmol). After stirring overnight at 60° C., the reaction shows conversion to product by LCMS-UV. The reaction mixture is cooled, the solvent is removed and redissolved in DMF to 14.0 mL total volume.

Step D: To 1 mL of the DMF solution above, 1-{4-[3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-(3-iodopropoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-3-isopropyl-urea (34 mg, 0.062 mmol) is added anhydrous 1,2,4-triazole, sodium salt (10.0 mg, 0.110 mmol). After stirring overnight at rt, the reaction mixture is filtered and purified by preparatory LC/UV purification. The solvent is removed to obtain 12.3 mg (40%) of 1-{4-[3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-(3-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl-propoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-3-isopropyl-urea (compound 1314), as a white powder.

The following compounds are prepared following the above procedure: Compounds 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1323 and 1324.

Example 1CU Preparation of [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-pyrimidin-2-yl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (compound 2419)

Step A. Into a solution of [4-(3-Cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (1.8 g, 4.3 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) at 0° C. was added pyridine (2.74 g, 34.6 mmol), followed by the slow addition of a solution of Tf₂O (3.67 g, 13.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ while maintaining the temperature below 10° C. Upon completion the reaction mixture was washed with dilute HCl, water and brine, and then dried over MgSO₄, concentrated and triturated with hexanes to provide the product as a solid (1.8 g, 96%).

Step B. A mixture of trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid 3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-2-[4-(1-cyclopropyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-phenyl]-1H-indol-6-yl ester (1.1 g, 2.0 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (0.56 g, 2.2 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (49 mg, 0.06 mmol), dppf (24 mg, 0.06 mmol) and potassium acetate (0.59 g, 6.0 mmol) in dioxane (12 mL) was stirred at 80° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with H₂O and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated and purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) to provide the product as a solid (0.96 g, 91%).

Step C. A mixture of {4-[3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (0.2 g, 0.38 mmol), 2-chloropyrimidine (39 mg, 0.34 mg), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (22 mg, 0.095 mmol) and cesium fluoride (0.116 g, 0.76 mmol) in DME (2.0 mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h. The mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated and purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) to provide [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-pyrimidin-2-yl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester as a solid (0.15 g, 82%).

Example 1CV Preparation of [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-pyridin-2-yl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (compound 2417)

To a solution of trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid 3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-2-[4-(1-cyclopropyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-phenyl]-1H-indol-6-yl ester prepared as in Example 1CU Step A (200 mg, 0.37 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added 2-(tributylstannyl)pyridine (160 mg, 0.44 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (21 mg, 0.018 mmol), CuI (7 mg, 0.037 mmol) and CsF (111 mg, 0.73 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 2 h, treated with ether (20 mL) and potassium fluoride (0.5 g). The mixture was stirred for another hour and filtered. The filtrate was washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated and purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) to provide [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-pyridin-2-yl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester as a solid (82 mg, 47%).

Example 1CW Preparation of (R)-{4-[3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-(pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (compound 2210)

Step A: To a suspension of 4-iodophenylisocyanate (0.84 g, 3.5 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) was added (R)-1-cyclopropylethanol (0.67 mL, 6.9 mmol). The solution was then directly subjected to silica gel chromatography (CH₂Cl₂) to provide (R)-(4-iodo-phenyl)carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (1.05 g, 93%).

Step B: To a solution of (R)-1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (0.53 g, 2.5 mmol), triisopropylborate (0.86 mL, 3.75 mmol) in THF (7.5 mL) at −78° C. was added LDA (1.5M monoTHF in cyclohexane, 3.83 mL, 5.75 mmol). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 10 minutes and then at room temperature for 30 minutes, followed by the addition of (4-iodo-phenyl)-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropylethyl ester (0.83 g, 2.5 mmol) and PdCl₂(dppf) (0.055 g, 0.075 mmol). The reaction mixture was cooled to −78° C. and flushed with nitrogen before the addition of DMF (15 mL) and aq. K₂CO₃ (2.0M, 3.75 mL, 7.5 mmol). The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred overnight, poured into ice water (100 mL) and neutralized with acetic acid. The precipitate was filtered, washed with water, dried in air and dissolved in CH₂Cl₂, purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc, 9:1) to provide (R)-[4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester as a solid (0.58 g, 56%).

Step C: A mixture of (R)-[4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (0.083 g, 0.2 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (0.163 g, 0.5 mmol), 2-chloropyrimidine (0.046 g, 0.4 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was stirred at 70° C. for 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was poured into water (15 mL) and the precipitate was collected via filtration and washed with water, purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc, 9.5:0.5) to provide (R)-{4-[3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-(pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (0.073 g, 74%).

Example 1CX Preparation of (R)-{4-[3-cyano-1-cyclopropyl-6-(pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropylethyl ester (compound 2217)

Step A: A mixture of 3-iodoaniso (2.38 mL, 20.0 mmol), cyclopropylamine (2.10 mL, 30.0 mmol), K₃PO₄ (8.48 g, 40.0 mmol), CuI (0.19 g, 1.0 mmol), ethylene glycol (2.23 mL, 40.0 mmol) and isopropanol (20 mL) was stirred at 80° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated and suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) and water (100 mL). This mixture was then treated with 28% aq. ammonia hydroxide until the solids dissolved. The organic layer was separated, dried over Na₂SO₄ and purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/hexane, 6:4) to provide cyclopropyl(3-methoxyphenyl)amine as colorless oil (1.52 g, 47%).

Step B: To a mixture of cyclopropyl(3-methoxyphenyl)amine (1.52 g, 9.3 mmol), KOH (1.57 g dissolved in 8 mL H₂O) and EtOAc (15 mL) at 0° C. was added dropwise, with vigorous stirring, chloroacetyl chloride (1.12 mL, 14.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred for additional 30 minutes, washed with water (3×350 mL), concentrated and purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/hexane, 1:1) to provide 2-chloro-N-cyclopropyl-N-(3-methoxy-phenyl)acetamide as a solid (1.80 g, 81%).

Step C: A mixture of 2-chloro-N-cyclopropyl-N-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-acetamide (1.25 g, 5.2 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (0.06 g, 0.26 mmol), Et₃N (0.79 g, 1.10 mL, 7.8 mmol), biphenyl-2-yl-di-tert-butyl-phosphane (0.155 g, 0.52 mmol) in toluene (6.0 mL) was stirred at 80° C. overnight. After cooling to room temperature the mixture was purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc, 9.5:0.5) to provide 1-cyclopropyl-6-methoxy-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-one as a solid (0.89 g, 84%).

Step D: To a solution of 1-cyclopropyl-6-methoxy-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-one (5.0 g, 24.6 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (25.0 mL), at 0° C. was added DIBAL-H (1.0 M in CH₂Cl₂ 33.3 mL, 33.3 mmol). The mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 4 h and treated with HCl (1.0 N). The organic layer was separated, washed with water and purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂) to provide the indole intermediate, which was then dissolved in dry DMF (40.0 mL) and cooled at 0° C. The solution was treated with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (5.09 g, 3.13 mL, 36.0 mmol), and stirred at 0° C. for 2 h and poured into ice-water (300 mL). The precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with water and purified on silica gel (hexane/EtOAc, 9:1) to provide 1-cyclopropyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as a solid (3.60 g, 69%).

Step E: A solution of 1-cyclopropyl-6-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (3.60 g, 17.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (50.0 mL) was cooled to −78° C. and treated with BBr₃ (21.27 g, 8.03 mL, 84.9 mmol), stirred for 10 min and then brought to room temperature and stirred for additional 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was poured into ice-water (150 mL), neutralized with NaHCO₃ and the precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water and purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc, 9:1) to provide 1-cyclopropyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as a solid (3.02 g, 90%).

Step F: To a solution of 1-cyclopropyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (0.59 g, 3.0 mmol) and triisopropylborate (1.03 mL, 4.5 mmol) in THF (15 mL) at −78° C. was added LDA (1.5M mono THF in cyclohexane, 4.60 mL, 6.9 mmol) with stirring. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 10 min and at room temperature for 30 min followed by the addition of (R)-(4-iodo-phenyl)-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (1.19 g, 3.6 mmol) and PdCl₂ (dppf) (0.11 g, 0.15 mmol). The reaction mixture was cooled to −78° C. and flushed with nitrogen whereupon DMF (30 mL) and aq. K₂CO₃ (2.0M, 4.5 mL, 9.0 mmol) was added. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred overnight, poured into ice water (100 mL) and neutralized with acetic acid. The precipitate was filtered, washed with water, dried in air and purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc, 9:1) to give (R)-[4-(3-cyano-1-cyclopropyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester as a solid (1.16 g, 97%).

Step G: A mixture of (R)-[4-(3-cyano-1-cyclopropyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (0.060 g, 0.15 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (0.122 g, 0.375 mmol), 2-chloropyrimidine (0.034 g, 0.3 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) was stirred at 70° C. for 2 h. After cooling to room temperature the mixture was poured into water (15 mL) and the precipitate was collected via filtration, washed with water, and purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc, 9.5:0.5) to provide (R)-{4-[3-cyano-1-cyclopropyl-6-(pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester as a solid (72 mg, 100%).

Example 1CY Preparation of 1-{4-[3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-(pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-3-isopropylsulfonylurea (compound 2263)

Step A: To a solution of tert-butanol (10.5 mL, 110.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) at 0° C. was added chlorosulfonyl chloride (9.55 mL, 110.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 5 min and added to a stirred cold (0° C.) mixture of 4-iodoaniline (21.9 g, 100.0 mmol), Et₃N (15.43 mL, 110.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes and at room temperature for 4.5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated, treated with water (1000 mL) and stirred overnight. The precipitate was filtered, washed thoroughly with water and dried in vacuum to provide N-Boc-N′-4′-iodophenyl sulfonylurea (36.11 g, 91%).

Step B: To a solution of PPh₃ (7.32 g, 30.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL), at 0° C., was added DIAD (5.94 mL, 30.0 mmol), and stirred for 0.5 h, then added to a mixture of N-Boc-N′-4′-iodophenyl sulfonylurea (7.96 g, 20.0 mmol), and isopropanol (2.29 mL, 30.0 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) at 0° C. while stirring. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then room temperature for 4 h, and chromatographed (silica gel, CH₂Cl₂). The crude product obtained was suspended in hexanes, stirred for 20 min, filtered and washed with hexanes and dried in air. This was then suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) and treated with TFA (10 mL) for 4 h at room temperature. The mixture was carefully neutralized with NaHCO₃ and the CH₂Cl₂ layer was purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc, 9:1) to provide N-isopropyl-N′-4′-iodophenylsulfonylurea as a solid (4.89 g, 72%).

Step C: To a solution of 1-cyclopropyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (0.42 g, 2.0 mmol), triisopropylborate (0.80 mL, 3.5 mmol) in THF (6 mL), at −78° C., was added LDA (1.5M monoTHF in cyclohexane, 3.33 mL, 5.0 mmol) with stirring. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 10 min and at room temperature for 30 min, followed by the addition of N-isopropyl-N′-4′-iodophenylsulfonylurea (0.96 g, 2.4 mmol) and PdCl₂ (dppf) (0.07 g, 0.1 mmol). The reaction mixture was cooled at −78° C. and flushed with nitrogen before the addition of DMF (12 mL) and aq. K₂CO₃ (2.0M, 3.0 mL, 6.0 mmol). The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred overnight, poured into ice water (100 mL) and neutralized with acetic acid. The precipitate was filtered and washed with water, dried in air and purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc, 8:2) to give 1-[4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-3-isopropylsulfonylurea as a solid (0.45 g, 74%).

Step D: A mixture of 1-[4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-3-isopropylsulfonylurea (0.085 g, 0.2 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (0.163 g, 0.5 mmol), 2-chloropyrimidine (0.034 g, 0.3 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was stirred at 70° C. overnight. After cooling to room temperature the mixture was poured into water (15 mL) and the precipitate collected via filtration, washed with water and purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc, 8.5:1.5) to provide 1-{4-[3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-(pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-3-isopropylsulfonylurea (0.061 g, 61%).

Example 1CZ Preparation of 1-cyclopropyl-2-(4-isopropylamino-phenyl)-6-(pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (compound 2434)

Step A: A mixture of 4-iodoaniline (4.38 g, 20.0 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (16.3 g, 50.0 mmol), isopropyliodide (3.0 mL, 30.0 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was stirred in a sealed tube at 70° C. for 24 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured into water (200 mL). The organic layer was separated and washed with water and brine and purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/hexanes, 1:1) to provide (4-iodophenyl)-isopropylamine (3.26 g, 63%).

Step B: To a solution of 1-cyclopropyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (0.59 g, 3.0 mmol), triisopropylborate (1.03 mL, 4.5 mmol) in THF (15 mL) at −78° C. was added LDA (1.5M mono THF in cyclohexane, 4.60 mL, 6.9 mmol) with stirring. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 10 min and at room temperature for 30 min, followed by the addition of (R)-(4-iodo-phenyl)-carbamic acid 1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester (1.19 g, 3.6 mmol) and PdCl₂ (dppf) (0.11 g, 0.15 mmol). The reaction mixture was cooled to −78° C., flushed with nitrogen and DMF (30 mL) and aq. K₂CO₃ (2.0M, 4.5 mL, 9.0 mmol) added. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred overnight, poured into ice water (100 mL) and neutralized with acetic acid. The precipitate was filtered, washed with water and CH₂Cl₂ and dried in air to provide 1-cyclopropyl-6-hydroxy-2-(4-isopropylamino-phenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as a solid (0.85 g, 86).

Step C: A mixture of (1-cyclopropyl-6-hydroxy-2-(4-isopropylamino-phenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (0.099 g, 0.3 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (0.244 g, 0.75 mmol), 2-chloropyrimidine (0.069 g, 0.6 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was stirred at 70° C. overnight. After cooling to room temperature the mixture was poured into water (15 mL) and the precipitate was collected via filtration and washed with water and purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc, 9:1) to provide 1-cyclopropyl-2-(4-isopropylamino-phenyl)-6-(pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile as a solid (0.104 g, 85%).

Example 1DA Preparation of [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-cyclopropyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (compound 2513)

Step A: To a solution of 6-bromo-1-cyclobutyl-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (1.38 g, 5.0 mmol), and triisopropylborate (1.37 mL, 6.0 mmol) in THF (15.0 mL) at −78° C. was added LDA (1.5M mono THF in cyclohexane, 3.83 mL, 5.75 mmol) with stirring. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 10 min and at room temperature for 30 min followed by addition of (4-iodophenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (1.75 g, 5.5 mmol) and PdCl₂(dppf) (0.37 g, 0.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was cooled to −78° C., flushed with nitrogen and DMF (30 mL) and aq. K₂CO₃ (2.0M, 7.5 mL, 15.0 mmol) added. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 20 min, room temperature overnight and poured into ice water (200 mL). The precipitate was filtered, washed with water and purified on silica gel (hexanes/EtOAc, 9:1 to 8:2) to give [4-(6-bromo-3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester as a solid (1.23 g, 53%).

Step B: A mixture of [4-(6-bromo-3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (0.17 g, 0.4 mmol), cyclopropylboronic acid (0.047 g, 0.55 mmol), (tert-butyl)₃PHBF₄ (0.014 g, 0.048 mmol), KF (0.093 g, 1.6 mmol), and Pd₂(dba)₃-CHCl₃, 0.021 g, 0.02 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL) was stirred at 60° C. overnight. The mixture was concentrated, taken up in CH₂Cl₂ and filtered through Celite. The solid was washed with CH₂Cl₂ and the filtrate was purified on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂) to provide [4-(3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-cyclopropyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester as a solid (0.10 g, 59%).

Example 1DB {2-chloro-4-[3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-(pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid isopropyl ester (compound 2339)

Step A: To a solution of 1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (3.0 g, 14.1 mmol) and isopropylborate (5 mL, 21.1 mmol) in anhydrous THF (40 mL) at 0° C. was added LDA (16.2 mL, 2.0 M in heptane/THF/ethylbenzene, 32.4 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min and then at room temperature for 1 h. After cooling the reaction mixture to 0° C. a solution of 2-chloro-4-iodo-phenylamine (3.9 g, 15.5 mmol) in DMF (40 mL) was added followed by addition of PdCl₂(dppf) (0.3 g, 0.4 mmol) and aq. K₂CO₃ (14 mL, 2.0 M). The mixture was warmed to room temperature and continued to stir overnight. The reaction was diluted with water and then extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layers was dried, concentrated and triturated with chloroform to provide 2-(4-amino-3-chloro-phenyl)-1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (3.1 g, 64%) as an off-white solid.

Step B: 2-(4-Amino-3-chloro-phenyl)-1-cyclobutyl-6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (0.67 g, 2 mmol), prepared in step ZA, was dissolved in DMF (7 mL), followed by the addition of 2-chloro-pyrimidine (0.34 g, 3 mmol) and cesium carbonate (1.3 g, 4 mmol). The mixture was brought to 70° C. and stirred for 1 h. After cooling, the solid was filtered and washed with EtOAc. The filtrate was washed with water and brine, dried, concentrated and triturated with ether to provide 2-(4-amino-3-chloro-phenyl)-1-cyclobutyl-6-(pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (0.76 g, 91%) as a white solid.

Step C: To 2-(4-amino-3-chloro-phenyl)-1-cyclobutyl-6-(pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-1H-indole-3-carbonitrile (0.26 g, 0.6 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.5 mL) and pyridine (0.5 mL) was added a solution of isopropyl chloroformate in toluene (1.0M, 0.8 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was diluted with aq. HCl (1N) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried, concentrated and purified on silica gel (40% EtOAc/hexane) to provide {2-chloro-4-[3-cyano-1-cyclobutyl-6-(pyrimidin-2-yloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid isopropyl ester (0.29 g, 93%) as a white solid.

Example 2 Screening of Low Molecular Weight Compounds Using a Cell-Based HCV IRES Monocistronic Translation Assay

Chemical libraries are screened using a cell-based monocistronic HCV IRES-regulated translation assay designed to closely mimic natural HCV mRNA translation and then compound analogs are made based on hits in the chemical libraries and screened as well. A DNA construct is prepared, termed pHCVIRESmono, in which HCV IRES sequences (HCV 2b, nucleotides 18-347) are inserted between a promoter and the firefly luciferase (Fluc) reporter gene. A stably transfected HepG2 (hepatoblastoma) cell line (termed HepG mono-4) or a Huh7 cell line (termed Huhmono 7), or a Helacell line (termed Helamono), are established by transfection with the pHCVIRESmono DNA by selecting for resistance to hygromycin.

Example 3 Determination of Selectivity for HCV IRES-Regulated Translation Using the Cell-Based Cap-Dependent Translation Assays

Since translation assays are used to screen HCV IRES inhibitors, the selected hits may specifically act on HCV IRES-driven translation or may modulate general protein synthesis in mammalian cells. The compounds that act on general translation will most likely have significant toxicity. To address this possibility, various cell-based cap-dependent translation assays are established for the further evaluation of all selected compounds. Plasmid DNAs containing 130 nucleotides of vector sequence 5′ to Fluc are constructed. This construct is referred to herein as pLuc. A stable cell line is established in cap-dependent translation assays using 293T cells (a human embryonic kidney cell line). HepGmono-4 and pLuc are treated with compound for 20 hours and activity is determined by quantifying the Fluc signal. A five-fold selectivity between the HCV IRES and cap-dependent translation is considered to be desirable. For example, using these cell-based cap-dependent translation assays, Applicants identified compounds that showed IC₅₀ values that were at least 5-fold greater in the cap-dependent translation assays than in the HCV IRES translation assay. FIG. 1 shows an example of a hit that was selective against HCV IRES-regulated translation over cap-dependent pLuc translation. Importantly, the compound had the same level of activity in an HCV IRES monocistronic 293T cell line as in HepGmono-4 (data not shown). It is thus unlikely that the selectivity of the compounds between HepGmono-4 (HepG 2) and the cap-dependent translations (293T) is due to the different cell types used.

Additionally, western blotting assays are used to further demonstrate that the compounds selectively inhibit HCV IRES-driven translation. Both HepGmono-4 and pLuc cells are treated with the compounds as described above, following treatment with the test compounds for 20 hours, cells are collected and lysed in Laemmli buffer containing 0.5% SDS. Proteins are separated on a 10% SDS-PAGE, then transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane, and blotted using antibodies against Fluc (RDI) and β-actin (Oncogene). For example, some of the compounds of the present invention were tested in this manner and as expected, the compounds that selectively inhibited HCV IRES-driven translation in assays using Fluc signal as an end point showed comparable reductions of the luciferase reporter protein levels in HepGmono-4 cells and were relatively inactive against pLuc in the Western blot (data not shown). Importantly, these compounds did not inhibit the expression of endogenous β-actin, the translation of which is cap-dependent in both cell lines. Consistently, compounds that did not show selectivity in the translation assays inhibited protein accumulation in both the HCV IRES and cap-dependent translation assays (data not shown). As expected, the general protein translation inhibitor puromycin also inhibited both the HCV IRES-driven and cap-dependent protein production (data not shown). Therefore, the Western blot results confirm that the compounds of the present invention selectively inhibit HCV IRES-driven translation.

Testing conditions for these cell lines are optimized and the effects of mRNA level on activity of the compounds are controlled by quantitating Fluc mRNA levels by RT real-time PCR. For example, some of the compounds of the present invention were tested in this manner, and no significant differences in Fluc mRNA levels were observed between the HepGmono-4, or the Helamono cells, or the Huhmono cells, and cap-dependent translation cell lines used (data not shown).

Example 4 Evaluation of the Selectivity for HCV IRES-Driven Translation Using Cellular IRES-Mediated Translation Assays

A number of human mRNAs have been shown to harbor IRES elements (18, 19, 39, 44, 45, 91, 126, 130). Although the primary sequences and secondary structures of the HCV IRES are different from those of cellular IRES, an important test for selectivity is to determine whether the selected compounds are active against cellular IRES. The VEGF IRES has poor initiation activity in in vitro assays, but demonstrates substantial activity in cell-based translation assays (45). For example, some of the compounds of the present invention were tested and all of the compounds that had good selectivity with respect to cap-dependent translation exhibited at least 5-fold higher IC₅₀ values against the VEGF IRES than against the HCV IRES (data not shown). These data indicate that the selected compounds have selectivity against viral IRES. In addition to having different structures, the VEGF IRES also have different interactions with non-canonical cellular translation factors. These differences may contribute to the selectivity of the HCV IRES inhibitors that we have identified.

Example 5 Evaluation of Cytotoxicity

Effects on cell proliferation are a critical issue for any drug discovery effort. Therefore, a cell proliferation/cytotoxicity assay is used to eliminate any compounds that affect mammalian cell growth. The effects of the selected hits on cell proliferation are tested in human cell lines 293 T and Huh7 (a human hepatoblastoma cell line). Cells are grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, L-glutamine, penicillin, and streptomycin. Cells in log phase are treated with test compounds for three days, with 250 μM being the highest concentration of test compound used. The effect of the compounds on cell proliferation is assessed by using the CellTiter 96 AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (Promega, Madison, Wis.). Compounds that have at least 5-fold higher CC₅₀ values relative to IC₅₀ values in HepGmono-4 are considered to have a sufficient window between activity and cytotoxicity and, hence, are selected for further evaluation. For example, some of the compounds of the present invention were tested in this manner, and importantly, all compounds that had good selectivity with respect to cap-dependent translation also demonstrated a greater than 5-fold ratio of CC₅₀ to IC₅₀ values.

Example 6 Evaluation of the Efficacy of the Compounds in the HCV Replicon System

The lack of reliable and readily accessible cell-culture and small animal models permissive for HCV replication has limited the development of new anti-HCV agents. Self-replicating subgenomic HCV systems, termed HCV replicons, have been described and have been widely used to assess the efficacy of anti-HCV inhibitors (8, 9, 46, 70, 103, 104). Interferon (IFN) α and inhibitors of the HCV protease and polymerase have been reported to be active in the HCV replicon system (8, 17, 32, 68, 69, 117).

HCV replicons that include bicistronic and monocistronic systems are available and can be used for testing the HCV inhibitors. In the bicistronic replicons, the HCV IRES directs the expression of the selective marker (Neo and/or a Fluc reporter), and the EMCV IRES mediates the expression of viral non-structural proteins. In the monocistronic replicon, the HCV IRES directly mediates viral protein synthesis. The HCV IRES inhibitors are analyzed in the bicistronic replicon by quantitating the Fluc reporter signal. Replicon-containing cells are cultured with the compounds of the invention for 2 days or for 3 days. Interferon (IFN) α is used as a positive control. For example, the compounds of the present invention were tested in this manner, and the experiments showed that compounds that selectively inhibited HCV IRES-mediated translation inhibited Fluc expression in the bicistronic replicon.

In the following table (Table 1),

-   -   *=replicon or HCV-PV IC₅₀>2 μM     -   **=replicon or HCV-PV IC₅₀ between 0.5 uM and 2 μM     -   ***=replicon or HCV-PV IC₅₀<0.5 μM         Replicon IC₅₀ values are determined by firefly luciferase         signal.         HCV-PV IC₅₀ values are determined by viral RNA reduction.

TABLE 1 Mass Replicon Replicon Compound Melting Spec IC₅₀ μM IC₅₀ μM Number Point (° C.) [M + H] 2-day 3-day ¹H NMR Data 866 143-145 382.5 ** 867 198-200 448.26 ** 868 188-190 446.23 *** *** 869 205-206 354.3 ** 870 328.28 ** 871 158-161 402.24 * 872 176-179 416.28 * 873 183-187 414.27 * 874 182-186 448.26 ** 875 136-140 368.15 ** 876 382.18 ** 877 396.19 ** 878 396.19 ** 879 400.14 ** 880 310.26 ** 881 194-195 438.2 *** *** 882 181-183 452.3 *** 883 198-200 450.2 *** *** 884 195-196 452.3 *** *** 885 148-150 466.3 *** 886 173-175 404.2 ** 887 181-183 418.2 ** 888 187-189 436.3 ** 889 160-162 432.2 ** 890 158-160 450.3 ** 891 144-146 452.3 ** 892 225-226 417.2 ** 893 191-193 431.3 ** 894 180-182 445.3 ** 895   225-226.7 348.4 ** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz), δ 10.17 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.48-7.43 (m, 3H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 6.61 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.13-4.05 (m, 4H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.31 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.12 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H). 896 245.9-247   362.1 ** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz), δ 10.13 (s, 1H), 7.77 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 6.88 (dd, J = 6.9 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.16-4.05 (m, 4H), 2.34 (q, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.33 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.19-1.04 (m, 6H). 897 254.4-256.3 374.1 ** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz), δ 10.45 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.20 (d, J = 1.8 Hz 1H), 6.88 (dd, J = 6.6 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.16-4.05 (m, 4H), 1.81-1.75 (m, 1H), 1.34 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.81-0.79 (m, 4H). 898 >300° C. 374.5 ** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz), δ decomposed 10.09 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.62-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.20 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (dd, J = 8.7 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.18-4.05 (m, 4H), 2.62-2.56 (m, 1H), 1.33 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.19-1.04 (m, 9H). 899 246.8-249.7 386.5 ** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz), δ 9.99 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 6.89 (dd, J = 8.7 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.16-4.05 (m, 4H), 2.25-2.02 (m, 4H), 2.01-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.76 (m, 1H), 1.34 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.17 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 3H). 900   185.7 422.4 ** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz), δ 10.44 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.52-7.48 (m, 3H), 7.32-7.19 (m, 6H), 6.88 (dd, J = 8.7 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.16-4.05 (m, 4H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 1.35 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 901   160.4 436.5 ** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz), δ 10.18 (s, 1H), 7.76 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.52-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.26-7.13 (m, 6H), 6.89 (dd, J = 8.7 Hz and 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.16-4.05 (m, 4H), 2.92 (t, J = 2.7 Hz, 2H), 2.68-2.62 (m, 2H), 1.33 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 902 233-235 436.1 ** 903 230-232 450.2 *** 904 193-195 464.1 ** 905 171-173 468.2 *** *** 906 246-247 480.1 ** 907 224-225 410.17 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.63 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.53 (1H, td, J = 7.7, 1.1 Hz), 7.41-7.32 (2H, m), 6.96 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 2.0 Hz), 6.89 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 4.16 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 4.12 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 3.86 (2H, t, J = 6.6 Hz), 3.42 (2H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 2.58 (2H, p, J = 7.0 Hz), 1.48 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), 1.38 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz). 908 186-189 476.2 ** 909 180-182 381.24 ** 910 195-198 409.26 ** 911 228-230 395.24 ** 912 217-221 428.2 [MH]⁻ ** 913 200-202 388.2 ** 914 212-214 402.2 ** 915 200-202 430.2 ** 916 183-185 478.2 ** 917 207-209 266.2 ** 918 219-221 277.4 ** 919 181-183 474.2 ** 920 182-183 453.3 ** 921 237-238 460.2 ** 922 246-248 474.2 ** 923 225-229 488.2 ** 924 221-223 486.2 ** 925 190-192 440.2 ** 926 195-196 454.3 ** 927 204-206 306.25 ** 928 206-208 432.14 (M − H+) *** *** 929 177-178 432.09 *** *** 930 183-184 468.02 *** *** 931 196-197 432.15 (M − H+) *** *** 932 184-185 438.22 *** *** 933 156-157 438.21 ** 934 192-193 436.15 *** *** 935 152-153 472.14 *** ** 936 191-192 468.23 *** *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.62 (1H, d, J = 9.1 Hz), 7.38 (2H, d, J = 8.3 Hz), 7.23 (1H, d, J = 2.3 Hz), 7.12 (2H, d, J = 8.3 Hz), 6.95 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, J = 2.2 Hz), 6.12 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 4.93 (1H, m), 4.20 (6H, m), 2.85 (2H, m), 2.35 (2H, m), 1.96 (2H, m), 1.48 (3H, t, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.37 (6 H, t, J = 6.3 Hz) 937 204-205 440.17 *** 938 147-148 372.21 ** 939 253-255 332.29 ** 940 58-59 263.20 ** 941 460.19 *** *** 942 209-210 412.18 (M − H+) ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.48 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.48 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.46 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.21 (1H, obscurred), 7.20 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 6.90 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.2 Hz), 4.16 (2H, q, J = 7.3 Hz), 4.10 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 3.69 (6H, d, J = 11.4 Hz), 1.36 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), 1.18 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz). 943 219-220 428.25 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.40 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.49 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.45 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.23 (1H, obscurred), 7.21 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 6.91 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 4.17 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 4.13-3.97 (4H, m), 3.84 (3H, s), 1.24 (6H, td, J = 7.0, 0.6 Hz), 1.15 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz). 944 223-224 400.20 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.48 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.49 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.46 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.22 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.20 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 6.91 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 4.17 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 3.84 (3H, s), 3.68 (6H, d, J = 11.1 Hz), 1.19 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz). 945 190-193 414.2 ** 946 163-172 410.2 *** *** 947 146-148 424.3 *** *** 948 166-167 458.2 *** *** 949 decomposed 392.2 ** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz), δ >300 9.94 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 6.88 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.16-4.02 (m, 6H), 1.64-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.34 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H). 950 decomposed 396.3 ** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz), δ >300 10.13 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.52-7.46 (m, 3H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 6.89 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (br, 1H), 4.57 (br, 1H), 4.40 (br, 1H), 4.30 (br, 1H), 4.16-4.05 (m, 4H), 1.33 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 951 decomposed 405.1 ** ¹H NMR (CD3Cl, 300 MHz), δ >300 7.62 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.52-7.42 (m, 4H), 6.96 (dd, J = 1.8 Hz and 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (s, 1H), 4.86-4.82 (m, 1H), 4.12 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 4H), 3.29 (q, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.52-1.31 (m, 10H), 0.95 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H). 952 not 472.3 ** ¹H NMR (CD3CN, 300 MHz), δ detected 9.01 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.58-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.11 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (t, J = 4.2 Hz, 2H), 4.16 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.34-3.19 (m, 10H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 2.35-2.30 (m, 1H), 1.25 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.92-0.82 (m, 4H). 184-186 442.2 [MH]⁻ ** 954 232-234 395.2 ** 955 203-206 409.2 ** *** 956 217-220 409.2 *** *** 957 192-195 423.3 *** *** 958 210-212 407.2 ** *** 959 169-171 384.19 ** 960 178-180 398.25 ** 961 174-177 412.24 ** 962 172-174 410.24 ** 963 203-206 364.24 ** 964 153-155 378.28 ** 965 156-157 392.27 ** 966 212-215 377.25 ** 967 218-221 391.27 ** 968 241-244 412.18 *** ** 969 264-266 434.15 *** *** 970 206-208 390.22 *** *** 971 213-215 404.27 *** *** 972 195-196 418.27 *** *** 973 190-192 418.27 *** *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.63 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.54 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.43 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.21 (1H, d, J = 2.2 Hz), 6.95 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, J = 2.2 Hz), 6.70 (1H, s), 5.05 (1H, m), 4.94 (1H, m), 4.14 (2H, q, 6.9 Hz), 2.82 (2H, m), 2.33 (2H, m), 1.87 (2H, m), 1.51 (3 H, t, J = 4.6 Hz), 1.33 (6H, d, J = 6.1 Hz). 974 215-217 422.22 *** *** 975 140-141 434.27 ** 976 158-159 428.25 ** 977 181-182 452.22 *** 978 185-186 482.28 ** 979 179-180 432.26 *** *** 980 236-238 436.24 * 981 201-203 416.26 *** *** 982 169-171 422.22 * ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.16 (1H, br), 7.57 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.52 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.42 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.33 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.93 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 2.0 Hz), 4.13 (2H, d, J = 7.0 Hz), 3.85 (3H, s), 2.77 (1H, p, J = 6.3 Hz), 0.98 (6H, d, J = 6.3 Hz), 0.96-0.88 (1H, m), 0.34-0.27 (2H, m), 0.05-0.00 (2H, m). 983 217-219 386.22 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.48 (1H, s), 7.80 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.53 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.52 (1H, d, J = 8.6 Hz), 7.32 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.92 (1H, dd, J = 8.6, 2.0 Hz), 4.13 (2H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 3.84 (3H, s), 1.82 (1H, p, J = 6.0 Hz), 0.99-0.90 (1H, m), 0.89-0.75 (4H, m), 0.33-0.27 (2H, m), 0.05-0.00 (2H, m). 984 179-180 390.25 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.95 (1H, s), 7.67 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.52 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.51 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.32 (1H, d, J = 2.3 Hz), 6.91 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.3 Hz), 4.15 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 4.12 (2H, d, J = 7.0 Hz), 3.84 (3H, s), 1.26 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), 1.00-0.90 (1H, m), 0.33-0.25 (2H, m), 0.05-0.00 (2H, m). 985 124-125 404.21 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.96 (1H, s), 7.67 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.52 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.50 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.32 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.92 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 4.12 (2H, d, J = 6.7 Hz), 4.07 (2H, t, J = 6.8 Hz), 3.84 (3H, s), 1.65 (2H, hx, J = 7.3 Hz), 0.94 (3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz), 0.93-0.89 (1H, m), 0.33-0.26 (2H, m), 0.05-0.00 (2H, m). 986 157-158 404.21 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.90 (1H, s), 7.67 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.53-7.49 (3H, m), 7.32 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.92 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 4.92 (1H, hp, J = 6.3 Hz), 4.12 (2H, d, J = 6.7 Hz), 3.84 (3H, s), 1.27 (6H, d, J = 6.3 Hz), 1.00-0.90 (1H, m), 0.33-0.26 (2H, m), 0.07-0.01 (2H, m). 987 183-184 403.26 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.59 (1H, s), 7.56 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.47 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.42 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.29 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.89 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 6.11 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 4.10 (2H, d, J = 7.0 Hz), 3.82 (3H, s), 3.75 (1H, m, J = 7.0 Hz), 1.08 (6H, d, J = 6.5 Hz), 0.97-0.88 (1H, m), 0.31-0.25 (2H, m), 0.04--0.02 (2H, m). 988 168-169 398.25 (M − H+) ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.22 (1H, s), 7.63 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.54 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.39 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.35 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.96 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 5.46 (2H, s), 3.84 (3H, s), 3.22 (2H, q, J = 7.3 Hz), 3.17 (3H, s), 1.23 (3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz). 989 195-196 380.18 (M − CH₃O⁻) ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 7.68 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.54 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.38 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.36 (1H, d, J = 2.2 Hz), 6.97 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 2.2 Hz), 5.47 (2H, s), 3.86-3.81 (2H, m), 3.84 (3H, s), 3.58 (2H, t, J = 7.3 Hz), 3.17 (3H, s), 2.47-2.41 (2H, m). 990 179-180 412.27 (M − H+) ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.22 (1H, s), 7.63 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.54 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.38 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.34 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.96 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 2.0 Hz), 5.46 (2H, s), 3.84 (3H, s), 3.20 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 3.16 (3H, s), 1.72 (2H, hx, J = 7.6 Hz), 0.96 (3H, t, J = 7.5 Hz). 991 179-180 348.17 (M − CH₃O⁻) ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.97 (1H, s), 7.67 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.58 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.53 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.33 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.96 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 5.45 (2H, s), 4.15 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 3.83 (3H, s), 3.16 (3H, s), 1.26 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz). 992 155-157 362.23 (M − CH₃O⁻) ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.67 (1H, s), 7.68 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.58 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.53 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.34 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.96 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 2.0 Hz), 5.45 (2H, s), 4.07 (2H, t, J = 6.7 Hz), 3.84 (3H, s), 3.31 (3H, s), 1.65 (2H, hx, J = 7.0 Hz), 0.94 (3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz). 993 146-148 392.29 (M − H+) ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.90 (1H, s), 7.67 (2H, d, J = 8.6 Hz), 7.57 (2H, d, J = 8.6 Hz), 7.53 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.33 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.96 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 5.45 (2H, s), 4.92 (1H, hp, J = 6.3 Hz), 3.83 (3H, s), 3.15 (3H, s), 1.26 (6H, d, J = 6.3 Hz). 994 266-267 375.22 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 11.32 (1H, s), 7.83 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.62 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.52 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.25 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.93 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 2.0 Hz), 4.52 (2H, s), 4.20 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 3.85 (3H, s), 1.18 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz). 995 179-181 384.2 ** ** 996 200-201 398.2 *** ** 997 169-171 412.2 ** 998 166-167 410.2 ** 999 172-174 377.3 ** 1000 156-158 391.3 ** 1001 120-124 389.3 ** ** 1002 166-158 422.15 ** 1003 189-191 436.15 ** 1004 191-193 450.15 ** 1005 169-171 436.15 ** 1006 187-188 450.15 *** ** 1007 179-180 464.20 *** 1008 114-115 405.3 ** 1009 202-203 363.3 ** 1010 196-197 377.3 ** 1011 205-206 377.3 ** 1012 165-166 391.3 ** 1013 192-193 375.3 ** 1014 178.1-183.5 453.1 *** *** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz), δ 8.80 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 7.48-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.29 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.19 (m, 4H), 6.89 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (br, 1H), 4.16-4.08 (m, 4H), 3.35-3.33 (m, 2H), 2.75 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 1.34 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 3H), 1.16 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 3H). 1015 150.1-155.6 424.0 ** ¹H NMR (CD₃CN, 300 Hz), δ 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.55-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.04 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (dd, J = 6.6 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (t, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (t, J = 3.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.43 (t, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (t, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.16-4.09 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.40 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.18-1.06 (m, 2H), 0.74 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1016 204.2-209.7 405.2 ** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 8.74 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 6.90 (dd, J = 8.4 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.17-4.09 (m, 4H), 3.14-3.10 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.32 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.13-1.03 (m, 5H), 0.68 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 1017 181.3-187.8 419.2 *** *** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 8.67 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J = 8.7 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (d, J = 7.2, 1H), 4.32-4.02 (m, 4H), 3.80-3.70 (m, 1H), 1.50-1.49 (m, 2H), 1.35 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H) 1.11-1.00 (m, 8H), 0.68 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1018 172.7-177.6 433.2 *** *** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 8.71 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 6.90 (dd, J = 8.7 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (br, 1H), 4.17-4.09 (m, 4H), 3.10-3.09 (m, 2H) 1.50-1.30 (m, 9H), 1.05-1.03 (m, 2H), 0.88 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.69 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1019 153.7-160   481.2 *** *** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 8.80 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.46-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.31-7.20 (m, 6H), 6.90 (dd, J = 8.7 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.25-6.24 (m, 1H), 4.17-4.09 (m, 4H), 3.37-3.31 (m, 2H), 2.78-2.71 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.35 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.13-1.00 (m, 2H), 0.67 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1020   135-141.7 406.0 *** ** ¹H NMR (CD₃CN, 300 Hz), δ 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.55-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.36 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (dd, J = 6.3 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.36-4.02 (m, 4H), 1.66-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.40 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.31 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.22-1.07 (m, 2H), 0.74 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1021 112.1-119.5 420.0 *** *** ¹H NMR (CD₃CN, 300 Hz), δ 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.65 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.55-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.37 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (dd, J = 6.6 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.16-4.07 (m, 4H), 1.72-1.56 (m, 4H), 1.40 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.16-1.06 (m, 2H), 0.98 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.76 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1022 104.3-109.7 420.0 *** * ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 9.87 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 6.90 (dd, J = 8.7 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.96-4.89 (m, 1H), 4.16-4.06 (m, 4H), 1.51-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.35 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.21-1.27 (m, 6H), 1.06-0.99 (m, 2H), 0.67 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1023 152.7-161.3 433.2 ** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 8.71 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.20 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (dd, J = 6.6 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (br, 1H), 4.17-4.09 (m, 4H), 3.13-3.06 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.28 (m, 9H), 1.05-1.03 (m, 2H), 0.89 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.68 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1024 160.2-167.8 481.2 *** *** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 8.80 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.33-7.20 (m, 6H), 6.90 (dd, J = 6.9 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (br, 1H), 4.17-4.07 (m, 4H), 3.39-3.34 (m, 2H), 2.79-2.71 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.49 (m, 2H), 1.36 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.08-1.01 (m, 2H), 0.68 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1025 133.3-141.8 459.2 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz), δ 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.71 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.91-6.88 (m, 2H), 4.49 (br, 2H), 4.12-4.02 (m, 6H), 3.73-3.53 (m, 4H), 3.09 (br, 2H), 1.64 (br, 1H), 1.28-1.26 (m, 3H), 1.11 (br, 2H), 0.89-0.87 (m, 2H),. 1026 220-222 432.16 ** *** 1027 138-140 443.31 *** *** 1028 *** *** 1029 188 412.8 ** 1030 173 440.2 *** 1031 195 426.2 *** 1032 145 424.2 *** 1033 181 444.2 *** 1034 154-155 491.3 *** 1035 173-175 497.3 ** 1036 230-235 510.3 ** 1037 155-156 430.25 (M − H+) ** 1038 236-238 410.2 ** 1039 243-248 391.3 ** 1040 215-217 392.2 ** ** 1041 164-166 412.2 ** *** 1042 135-138 505.4 ** 1043 165-166 476.3 ** 1044 167-168 511.3 *** 1045 117 460.3 *** 1046 232-234 422.21 *** *** 1047 422.24 *** *** 1048 200-203 440.0 ** 1049 247-249 481.3 *** 1050 246-248 381.2 ** 1051 177 423.2 ** 1052 194 424.2 ** 1053 236-238 460.2 ** 1054 187.6-195.2 443.2 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz), δ 7.91 (br, 1H), 7.71 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.95-6.88 (m, 2H), 4.44 (br, 2H), 4.08 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.94-3.90 (m, 2H), 3.62-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.14 (br, 1H), 2.90 (br, 2H), 2.17-2.07 (m, 4H), 1.28 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.15-1.11 (m, 2H), 0.87-0.73 (m, 2H). 1055 148.1-153.2 406.0 ** *** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 9.94 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.23 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (dd, J = 1.8 Hz and 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.15-4.04 (m, 6H), 1.68-1.52 (m, 4H), 1.35 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.63 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1056   169-173.9 406.0 *** *** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 9.87 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.23 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (dd, J = 2.1 Hz and 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.90 (m, 1H), 4.15-4.09 (m, 4H), 1.54-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.35 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.28-1.25 (m, 6H), 0.63 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1057 184.5-193.9 406.0 ** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 9.41 (s, 1H), 8.26 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 8.01-7.94 (m, 3H), 7.70 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J = 2.1 Hz and 6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.21-5.15 (m, 1H), 4.64-4.53 (m, 4H), 2.17-2.12 (m, 2H), 2.07 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.86 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.41 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H). 1058 160.1-166.5 406.0 *** *** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 9.87 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.43 (m, 3H), 7.20 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J = 2.1 Hz and 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.89 (m, 1H), 4.57-4.53 (m, 1H), 4.10 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.52 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H), 1.35 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.25 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H). 1059   135-142.6 424.0 ** ¹H NMR (CD₃CN, 300 Hz), δ 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.65 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.55-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.04 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (dd, J = 6.6 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (br, 1H), 4.16-4.09 (m, 4H), 4.73 (t, J = 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (t, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (t, J = 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (t, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.15-4.01 (m, 4H), 1.40 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.87-0.85 (m, 6H). 1060 193.2-199.2 405.1 ** ¹H NMR (CD₃CN, 300 Hz), δ 7.65-7.51 (m, 3H), 7.45-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.04 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.94-6.89 (m, 1H), 5.25 (br, 1H), 4.15-4.07 (m, 4H), 3.20 (br, 2H), 1.39 (t, J = 6 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.63 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H). 1061 182.7-186.3 419.1 ** ¹H NMR (CD₃CN, 300 Hz), δ 7.66-7.53 (m, 3H), 7.45-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.06-7.05 (m, 1H), 6.94-6.91 (m, 1H), 5.34 (br, 1H), 4.15-4.02 (m, 4H), 3.16-3.13 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.39 (m, 3H), 0.98 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.63 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H). 1062 156.7-162.2 378.0 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 7.62 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (m, 2H), 4.11 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 1.72 (q, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.49 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.78 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H). 1063 183.2-187.6 392.1 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 7.62 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 4.26 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.72 (q, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.49 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.34 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.77 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H). 1064 103.2-107.7 410.0 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 7.62 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.95 (dd, J = 8.7 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (t, J = 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (t, J = 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (t, J = 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.72 (q, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.47 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.78 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1065 196.3-220.2 392.0 ** *** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 7.63 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 6.94 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 4.68-4.61 (m, 1H), 4.26 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.58 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 6H), 1.48 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.34 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1066 198.3-205.6 419.0 ** ¹H NMR (CD₃CN, 300 Hz), δ 7.61 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.53 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (s, 1H) 7.03 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (dd, J = 6.6 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (br, 1H), 4.16-4.09 (m, 4H), 3.18-3.11 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.46 (m, 4H), 1.40 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.16-1.06 (m, 2H), 0.92 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H), 0.76 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H). 1067  95-100 504.4 ** 1068 170-174 474.3 ** 1069 155-156 475.3 ** 1070 208-209 437.22 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.86 (1H, s), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.65 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.61 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.47 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.25 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 7.11 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 2.0 Hz), 6.40 (1H, t, J = 5.8 Hz), 5.86 (1H, ddt, J = 17.1, 10.4, 5.1 Hz), 5.15 (1H, ddt, J = 17.1, 1.8, 1.7 Hz), 5.06 (1H, ddt, J = 10.4, 1.8, 1.7 Hz), 4.12 (2H, d, J = 7.0 Hz), 3.73 (2H, narrow m), 0.93-0.84 (1H, m), 0.32-0.23 (2H, m), 0.05-0.00 (2H m). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −82.03 (2F, d, J = 73.3 Hz). 1071 125-126 452.22 (M − H+) ** * ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.69 (1H, d, J = 8.2 Hz), 7.56 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.44 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.24 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz), 7.07 (1H, dd, J = 8.2, 1.8 Hz), 6.80 (1H, s), 6.52 (1H, t, J = 74.0 Hz), 3.98 (2H, d, J = 7.0 Hz), 3.96 (2H, d, J = 7 Hz), 1.97 (1H, m, J = 6.7 Hz), 1.03-0.94 (1H, m), 0.95 (6H, d, J = 6.7 Hz), 0.46-0.39 (2H, m), 0.05-0.00 (2H, m). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ −80.76 (2F, d, J = 73.3 Hz). 1072 197-198 430.30 (M − H+) *** *** 1073 191-192 390.25 ** 1074 140-141 404.27 ** 1075 140-141 418.27 ** ** 1076 175-176 404.27 *** *** 1077 187-188 418.27 *** *** 1078 188-189 430.30 (M − H+) *** ** 1079 178-179 452.25 *** *** 1080 221-223 417.28 *** *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.61 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.58 (2H, d, J = 8.3 Hz), 7.37 (2H, d, J = 8.3 Hz), 7.23 (1H, d, J = 1.0 Hz), 6.96 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, J = 1.7 Hz), 4.90 (1H, s), 4.15 (2H, q, J = 6.9), 4.01 (1H, m), 2.82 (2H, m), 2.33 (2H, m), 1.81 (2H, m), 1.48 (3H, t, J = 6.9 Hz)), 1.21 (6H, d, J = 6.6 Hz). 1081 179-180 452.23 (M − H+) ** 1082 206-207 403.27 ** 1083 156 495.3 *** 1084 167 457.2 ** 1085 162 458.4 *** 1086 170 378.2 *** 1087 205 405.2 ** 1088 215 403.2 ** 1089 195 389.2 ** 1090 145.6-149.7 475.2 ** ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz), δ 7.80 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.58-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.22 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J = 2.1 Hz and 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.23 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.01-3.73 (m, 6H), 3.02 (br, 4H), 1.86-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.28 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.00-0.87 (m, 4H). 1091 81.4-86.2 461.2 ** ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz), δ 7.78 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.55-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.20 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (dd, J = 1.8 Hz and 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.21 (q, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.81-3.64 (m, 6H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 1.84-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.26 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.99-0.86 (m, 4H). 1092 193.8-197.4 441.2 ** ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz), δ 9.03 (s, 2H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.56-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.14 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J = 2.1 Hz and 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.44 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.21 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.85-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.27 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.01-0.93 (m, 2H), 0.91-0.87 (m, 2H). 1093 130.7-134.3 441.2 ** 1094 205.3-208   391.0 ** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 8.74 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 6.89 (dd, J = 1.8 Hz and 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.15-4.06 (m, 4H), 3.14-3.10 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.35 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.63 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H). 1095 195.3-200.1 405.1 *** *** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 6.89 (dd, J = 1.8 Hz and 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.20-4.07 (m, 4H), 3.09-3.03 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.41 (m, 4H), 1.35 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.64 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1096 192.1-196.2 405.1 *** *** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 8.60 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 6.89 (dd, J = 2.1 Hz and 6.6 Hz, 1H), 6.12 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.15-4.06 (m, 4H), 3.80-3.73 (m, 1H), 1.58-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.35 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H), 0.64 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1097 196.4-202.3 419.1 *** *** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 6.89 (dd, J = 1.8 Hz and 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.24 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.15-4.06 (m, 4H), 3.12-3.06 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.44-1.21 (m, 7H), 0.89 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.83 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1098 217.8-221.4 391.0 ** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 8.74 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J = 2.1 Hz and 6.6 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.62-4.53 (m, 1H), 4.11 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.16-3.07 (m, 2H), 1.52 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H), 1.35 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1099 162.1-165.1 405.1 ** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 8.73 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J = 2.1 Hz and 6.6 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.62-4.53 (m, 1H), 4.11 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.09-3.02 (m, 2H), 1.52 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H), 1.48-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.35 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 1100 228.6-231.4 405.1 *** ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 Hz), δ 8.60 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J = 2.1 Hz and 6.6 Hz, 1H), 6.11 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.62-4.52 (m, 1H), 4.11 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.79-3.72 (m, 1H), 1.53-1.51 (m, 6H), 1.35 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.11-1.09 (m, 6H). 1101 157.2-160.5 419.1 *** (DMSO, 300 Hz), δ 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J = 2.1 Hz and 6.6 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.62-4.55 (m, 1H), 4.11 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.12-3.06 (m, 2H), 1.52 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H), 1.47-1.21 (m, 7H), 0.86 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 1102 197.3-201.6 467.0 *** *** ¹H NMR (CD₃CN, 300 Hz), δ 7.58-7.46 (m, 4H), 7.38 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.30-7.15 (m, 5H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 6.89 (dd, J = 2.1 Hz and 6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (br, 1H), 4.64-4.59 (m, 1H), 4.09 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.44-3.42 (m, 2H), 2.80 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.54 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H), 1.38 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 1103 162-163 424.27 ** 1104 245-248 422.29 ** 1105 175-176 422.27 ** 1106 217-219 429.32 *** *** 1107 157-158 428.25 (M − H+) *** *** 1108 213-215 435.28 *** *** 1109 155-156 444.31 *** *** 1110 191-195 425.2 ** 1111 180-183 406.2 ** 1112 173-175 463.2 ** 1113 151.155 495.4 ** 1114 171-176 511.2 *** 1115 155-156 497.2 ** 1116 218-220 511.2 ** 1117 106-109 509.2 ** 1118 126-130 462.2 ** 1119 184-186 405.31 ** 1120 223-225 417.37 *** *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.61 (1H, d, J = 9.2 Hz), 7.51 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.43 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.10 (2H, m), 4.90 (2H, m), 4.13 (2H, q, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.97 (2H, d, J = 6.6 Hz), 1.47 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), 1.20 (6H, d, J = 8.6 Hz), 1.05 (1H, m), 0.43 (2H, m), 0.06 (2H, m) 1121 162-164 501.17 *** 1122 170-173 491.4 *** 1123 75-80 525.4 *** 1124 100-104 474.5 [M − H]⁻ *** ** 1125 188-190 488.4 *** *** 1126 130-134 510.3 ** 1127 112-115 418.3 *** *** 1128 203-204 432.3 *** *** 1129 115-116 432.3 *** *** 1130 177-178 386.26 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.02 (1H, s), 7.69 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.61 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.55 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.28 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 7.13 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 2.0 Hz), 4.20 (2H, q, J = 7.3 Hz), 3.70 (3H, s), 1.18 (3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −81.95 (2F, d, J = 73.3 Hz). 1131 174-175 400.26 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.98 (1H, s), 7.69 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.61 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.54 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.28 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 7.13 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 4.20 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 4.15 (2H, q, J = 7.3 Hz), 1.26 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), 1.18 (3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −81.95 (2F, d, J = 75.3 Hz). 1132 148-149 414.25 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.99 (1H, s), 7.70 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.61 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.54 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.28 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 7.13 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 2.0 Hz), 4.20 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 4.07 (2H, t, J = 6.7 Hz), 1.65 (2H, hx, J = 7.6 Hz), 1.18 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.94 (3H, t, J = 7.5 Hz). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −81.96 (2F, d, J = 73.3 Hz). 1133 139-140 428.25 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.98 (1H, s), 7.72-7.66 (3H, m), 7.61 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.54 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.28 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 7.13 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 4.20 (2H, q, J = 7.3 Hz), 4.11 (2H, t, J = 6.9 hz), 1.66-1.56 (2H, m), 1.45-1.35 (2H, m), 1.18 (3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz), 0.91 (3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −81.92 (2F, d, J = 73.3 Hz). 1134 142-143 426.30 (M − H+) ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.99 (1H, s), 7.70 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.61 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.54 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.28 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 7.13 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 4.20 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 3.90 (2H, d, J = 6.7 Hz), 1.93 (1H, m, J = 6.7 Hz), 1.18 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), 0.93 (6H, d, J = 6.7 Hz). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −81.92 (2F, d, J = 73.3 Hz). 1135 144-145 412.24 *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.10 (1H, s), 7.72-7.66 (3H, m), 7.62 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.55 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.28 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 7.13 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 2.0 Hz), 6.06-5.93 (1H, m), 5.41-5.22 (2H, m), 4.64 (2H, dt, J = 5.5, 1.3 Hz), 4.20 (2H, q, J = 7.3 Hz), 1.18 (3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −81.92 (2F, d, J = 73.3 Hz). 1136 172-174 413.25 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.77 (1H, s), 7.66 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.62 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.47 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.46 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.27 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 7.13 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 6.28 (1H, t, J = 5.7 Hz), 4.20 (2H, q, J = 7.3 Hz), 3.05 (2H, q, J = 6.2 Hz), 1.44 (2H, hx, J = 6.7 Hz), 1.19 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 0.87 (3H, t, J = 7.5 Hz). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −81.92 (2F, d, J = 73.3 Hz). 1137 180-182 413.26 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.65 (1H, s), 7.66 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.61 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.47 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.27 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 7.13 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 6.14 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 4.20 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 3.77 (1H, m, J = 7.3 Hz), 1.18 (3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz), 1.10 (6H, d, J = 6.5 Hz). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −81.92 (2F, d, J = 73.3 Hz). 1138 146-149 427.27 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.76 (1H, s), 7.66 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.62 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.61 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.47 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.27 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 7.13 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 6.25 (1H, t, J = 5.7 Hz), 4.21 (2H, q, J = 7.3 Hz), 3.09 (2H, q, J = 5.8 Hz), 1.47-1.25 (4H, m), 1.18 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), 0.89 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −81.92 (2F, d, J = 73.3 Hz). 1139 179-180 411.27 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.92 (1H, s), 7.66 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.63 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.61 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.48 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.28 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 7.13 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 6.43 (1H, t, J = 5.8 Hz), 5.95-5.80 (1H, m), 5.22-5.07 (2H, m), 4.21 (2H, q, J = 7.3 Hz), 3.75 (2H, t, J = 6 Hz), 1.19 (3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, DMSO- d₆): δ −81.92 (2F, d, J = 73.3 Hz). 1140 198-202 450.2 [M − H]⁻ ** 1141 156-160 448.2 [M − H]⁻ ** 1142 110-111 487.41 *** *** 1143 215-218 417.5 *** *** 1144 207-210 429.5 *** *** 1145 205-208 445.2 ** 1146 187-191 430.32 *** *** 1147 154-158 444.25 *** *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d₆-acetone): δ 8.92 (s, 1H), 7.82 (d, 2H, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.62-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.30 (d, 1H, J = 2.1 Hz), 6.98 (dd, 1H, J = 8.7, 2.1 Hz), 5.095 (pentet, 1H, J = 9.0 Hz), 4.32 (m, 1H), 4.17 (q, 2H, J = 6.9 Hz), 2.7-2.8 (m, 2H), 2.35-2.5 (m, 2H), 1.8-2.0 (m, 2H), 1.42 (t, 3H, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.34 (d, 3H, J = 6.3 Hz), 1.0-1.1 (m, 1H), 0.6-0.8 (m, 3H), 0.5-0.59 (m, 1H) 1148 193-195 402.24 (M − H+) *** *** 1149 158-159 416.37 (M − H+) *** *** 1150 173-175 416.32 (M − H+) *** *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.62 (1H, d, J = 9.3 Hz), 7.58 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.46 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.10 (2H, m), 6.77 (1H, s), 5.05 (1H, m), 4.13 (2H, q, J = 7.2 Hz), 3.97 (2H, d, J = 6.6 Hz), 1.47 (3H, t, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.32 (6H, d, J = 6.0 Hz), 1.05 (1H, m), 0.43 (2H, m), 0.05 (2H, m) 1151 171-172 432.30 *** *** 1152 198-199 444.31 (M − H+) *** *** 1153 154-155 466.28 *** *** 1154 207-208 444.31 (M − H+) *** *** 1155 200-202 466.28 ** 1156 226-228 444.31 (M − H+) *** *** 1157 199-201 466.28 *** *** 1158 173-179 442.27 (ES−) *** *** 1159 206-208 (Weak *** *** ionization) 1160 193-194 422.3 *** ** 1161 183-185 410.2 *** ** 1162 192-193 403.3 ** 1163 188-189 403.2 ** 1164 188-190 417.2 *** * 1165 190-192 429.3 ** ** 1166 260-266 445.25 ** 1167 208-212 430.25 *** *** 1168 218-221 (Weak *** *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d⁶-acetone): δ ionization) 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.69 (d, 2H, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.54 (d, 1H, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.43 (d, 2H, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.30 (d, 1H, J = 2.1 Hz), 6.97 (dd, 1H, J = 8.7, 2.1 Hz), 6.10 (d, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz), 5.08 (pentet, 1H, J = 9.3 Hz), 4.32 (sextet, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz), 4.16 (q, 2H, J = 6.9 Hz), 2.7-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.35 2.5 (m, 2H), 2.15-2.35 (m, 2H), 1.8 2.0 (m, 4H), 1.6-1.7 (m 2H), 1.42 (t, 3H, J = 6.9 Hz) 1169 224-226 432.3 *** *** 1170 180-181 469.3 ** 1171 219-220 431.2 *** *** 1172 198-199 431.33 *** *** 1173 203-205 443.31 *** *** 1174 180-181 436.28 *** *** 1175 202-203 456.27 *** *** 1176 170-172 390.2 ** 1177 145-147 404.2 *** ** 1178 182-183 418.3 *** *** 1179 173-174 430.2 ** 1180 179-180 402.2 ** 1181 179-180 424.2 ** 1182 162-163 422.2 *** * 1183 202.3-205.9 440.3 *** ¹H NMR (CD3CN, 300 MHz), δ 8.86 (s, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.58-7.49 (m, 4H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.09 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (dd, J = 2.1 Hz and 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.42 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.16 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.76-1.67 (m, 1H), 1.25 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.95-0.89 (m, 4H). 1184 165.4-170.1 440.3 ** ¹H NMR (CD3CN, 300 MHz), δ 8.81 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.70 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.49 (m, 4H), 7.02 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (dd, J = 2.1 Hz and 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.30 (t, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.44 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.13 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.73-1.68 (m, 1H), 1.24 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.95-0.82 (m, 4H). 1185 211-213 454.30 *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.76-8.70 (2H, m), 8.53 (1H, d, J = 4.7 Hz), 7.91 (1H, d, J = 7.9 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.51 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.46-7.38 (8H, m), 7.00 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 1.2 Hz), 6.27 (1H, t, J = 5.6 Hz), 5.25 (2H, s), 4.18 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 3.05 (2H, q, J = 6.4 Hz), 1.44 (2H, hx, J = 7.3 Hz), 1.17 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), 0.87 (3H, t, J = 7.4 Hz). 1186 150. 464.34 (M − H+) ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.90 (1H, s), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.66 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.58 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.48 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.29 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 7.15 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 5.13-5.08 (1H, m), 4.99 (1H, p, J = 8.5 Hz), 2.55-2.40 (2H, m), 2.37-2.24 (2H, m), 1.92-1.57 (10H, m). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −82.08 (2F, d, J = 73.3 Hz). 1187 198-199 439.29 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.76 (1H, s), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.59 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.58 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.42 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.29 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 7.14 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 2.0 Hz), 6.28 (1H, t, J = 5.7 Hz), 5.00 (1H, p, J = 8.6 Hz), 3.05 (2H, q, J = 6.1 Hz), 2.59-2.42 (2H, m), 2.39-2.24 (2H, m), 1.84-1.66 (2H, m), 1.44 (2H, hx, J = 7.0 Hz), 0.87 (3H, t, J = 7.4 Hz). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −82.05 (2F, d, J = 73.3 Hz). 1188 222-223 474.25 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.26 (1H, s), 7.70 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.54 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.40 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.39 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.29 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 7.16 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 4.71 (1H, p, J = 9.1 Hz), 3.24-3.19 (2H, m), 2.22-1.60 (10H, m), 0.97 (3H, t, J = 7.4 Hz). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −82.05 (2F, d, J = 73.3 Hz). 1189 183-158 472.24 *** *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.24 (1H, s), 7.70 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.55 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.44 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.40 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.30 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 7.16 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 4.71 (1H, p, J = 9.1 Hz), 2.84-2.75 (1H, m), 2.20-1.84 (6H, m), 1.65-1.60 (2H, m), 1.05-0.95 (2H, m), 0.60-0.49 (2H, m). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −82.05 (2F, d, J = 75.3 Hz). 1190 185-186 465.27 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.60 (1H, s), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.58 (1H, d, J = 1.9 Hz), 7.57 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.42 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.29 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 7.14 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 1.9 Hz), 6.30 (1H, d, J = 7.3 Hz), 5.00 (1H, p, J = 8.6 Hz), 3.94 (1H, hx, J = 6.7 Hz), 2.60-2.40 (2H, m), 2.38-2.23 (2H, m), 1.90-1.34 (10H, m). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ −82.05 (2F, d, J = 75.3 Hz). 1191 216-219 415.31 ** 1192 159-162 489.37 ** 1193 213-214 404.3 *** 1194 196-197 418.3 *** *** 1195 114-115 418.3 *** *** 1196 124-125 416.3 *** *** 1197 118-119 432.3 ** *** 1198 181-182 432.3 *** *** 1199 187-188 444.3 *** *** 1200 188-189 446.3 *** *** 1201 182-183 466.3 *** *** 1202 195-197 406.3 *** *** 1203 184-187 420.3 *** *** 1204 168-169 420.3 *** *** 1205 155-157 445.3 *** *** 1206 178-180 434.3 *** *** 1207 204-205 448.3 *** *** 1208 186-190 444.30 *** *** 1209 189-192 456.30 (ES−) *** *** 1210 148-152 503.36 *** *** 1211 203-205 458.3 *** *** 1212 192-193 480.34 *** *** 1213 192-193 480.33 *** *** 1214 170-173 457.3 *** *** 1215 200-204 446.26 *** *** 1216 205-209 460.31 ** 1217 135-141 388.34 ** 1218 192-193 481.31 *** *** 1219 192-193 507.35 *** *** 1220 192-193 481.28 *** *** 1221 222-225 431.3 *** *** 1222 191-192 446.35 ** 1223 206-208 417.3 *** *** 1224 191-192 417.3 ** 1225 183-184 431.3 ** *** 1226 189-190 443.3 *** *** 1227 168-169 479.3 *** *** 1228 174-175 423.5 ** 1229 163-164 438.3 ** 1230 179-180 436.3 ** 1231 189-191 424.2 ** 1232 184-185 404.2 *** ** 1233 192-193 430.4 *** *** 1234 204-205 390.1 ** 1235 209-211 410.1 ** 1236 196-197 404.14 *** *** 1237 150-151 432.1 ** 1238 176-177 458.4 ** 1239 187-193 360.35 *** *** 1240 168-170 460.38 *** *** 1241 151-168 432.3 *** *** 1242 134-136 446.3 *** *** 1243 161-163 446.3 *** *** 1244 145-147 446.3 *** *** 1245 245-246 318.3 ** 1246 157-163 434.4 *** *** 1247 188-190 432.4 *** *** 1248 207-210 462.4 *** *** 1249 181-184 448.4 *** *** 1250 144-148 448.38 *** *** 1251 137-142 (Weak ** ** ionization) 1252 131-134 446.37 ** 1253 224 517.3 ** 1254 189 498.6 *** *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.89 (1 H), 7.64 (3H), 7.46 (3H), 7.19 (2H), 6.94 (1H), 6.87 (1H), 4.91 (2H), 4.19 (2H), 4.01 (2H), 2.48 (2H), 2.21 (2H), 2.17 (2H), 1.71 (2H), 1.27 (6H) 1255 208 499.4 *** *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.91 (1H), 8.53 (1H), 7.97 (1H), 7.65 (2H), 7.46 (3H), 7.19 (1H), 6.92 (1H), 4.95 (2H), 4.39 (2H), 4.06 (2H), 2.48 (2H), 2.67 (4H), 1.72 (2H), 1.24 (6H). 1256 188.4-191.3 467.1 *** ¹H NMR ((CD₃CN, 300 Hz), δ 7.60 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.53 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.23 (m, 7H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 6.91 (dd, J = 2.1 Hz and 6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.31-5.27 (m, 1H), 4.16-4.07 (m, 4H), 4.45 (q, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.69-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.41 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.71 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H). 1257 541.55 *** 1258 527.55 *** 1259 526.57 *** 1260 208 503.5 *** 1261 156 530.5 *** 1262 167 533.5 ** 1263 155-157 458.4 (ES−) *** 1264 177-180 467.40 *** 1265 164-167 432.37 *** 1266 175-176 453.34 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.70 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.55 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.42 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.29 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz), 7.22 (1H, br s), 7.13 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 1.8 Hz), 6.81 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 4.02 (2H, d, J = 6.7 Hz), 3.82 (1H, hx, J = 6.4 Hz), 1.51 (2H, p, J = 7.1 Hz), 1.17 (3H, d, J = 6.7 Hz), 1.07-0.99 (1H, m), 0.94 (3H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 0.48-0.41 (2H, m), 0.09-0.04 (2H, m). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ −80.81 (2F, d, J = 73.3 Hz). 1267 139-140 466.06 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.72 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.59 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.47 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.28 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz), 7.12 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 1.8 Hz), 6.79 (1H, br s), 6.56 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 4.35 (1H, dq, J = 8.6, 6.7 Hz), 4.02 (2H, d, J = 6.7 Hz), 1.39 (3H, d, J = 6.7 Hz), 1.11-0.99 (2H, m), 0.64-0.43 (5H, m), 0.34-0.28 (1H, m), 0.09-0.04 (2H, m). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ −80.75 (2F, d, J = 75.3 Hz). 1268 145-146 454.30 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.73 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.47 (2H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.28 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz), 7.12 (1H, t, J = 8.5, 1.8 Hz), 6.76 (1H, br s), 6.56 (1H, t, J = 74.4 Hz), 4.89 (1H, hx, J = 6.4 Hz), 4.02 (2H, d, J = 6.7 Hz), 1.74-1.59 (2H, m), 1.30 (3H, d, J = 6.1 Hz), 1.11-1.00 (1H, m), 0.97 (3H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 0.49-0.43 (2H, m), 0.09-0.04 (2H, m). ¹⁹F NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ −80.75 (2F, d, J = 73.3 Hz). 1269 112 461.4 *** 1270 158 475.5 *** 1271 192 503.5 *** 1272 199 515.6 *** 1273 212 519.5 ** 1274 139 505.5 *** 1275 115 484.5 *** 1276 214 485.4 *** 1277 208 473.5 *** 1278 181 489.5 *** 1279 205-207 473.43 *** 1280 175-176 490.35 (M − H+) *** 1281 168-169 500.47 *** 1282 196-197 486.43 *** 1283 169-170 486.42 (M − H+) *** 1284 154-155 498.31 (M − H+) *** 1285 168-170 472.39 (M − H+) *** 1286 161-163 486.43 *** 1287 141-143 498.27 (M − H+) *** 1288 211-213 485.42 *** 1289 178-185 478.32 (ES−) *** 1290 172-174 444.39 (ES−) *** 1291 177-178 430.4 *** 1292 202-203 430.4 *** 1293 193-194 430.4 *** 1294 155-157 444.4 *** 1295 174-175 444.4 *** 1296 170-171 444.4 ** 1297 163-165 446.4 ** 1298 178-180 446.4 ** 1299 150-152 448.4 ** 1300 201-203 432.31 *** 1301 216-218 431.37 *** 1302 226-227 417.4 ** 1303 215-216 417.3 ** 1304 209-211 415.3 ** 1305 443.4 *** 1306 155-160 516.5 ** 1307 115-119 529.5 ** 1308 109-110 497.7 *** 1309 210-212 500.6 *** 1310 129-131 374.4 ** 1311 205-207 346.4 *** 1312 180-185 458.43 (ES−) *** 1313 155-160 448.07 *** 1314 88-90 498.5 *** 1315 125-130 502.5 ** 1316 110-112 472.5 *** 1317 122-125 472.5 *** 1318 130-134 484.5 *** 1319 108-113 460.5 *** 1320  98-101 474.5 *** 1321 83-87 504.6 ** 1322 112-115 483.5 *** 1323 148-150 432.4 *** 1324 227-229 433.4 *** 1325 195-198 417.4 *** 1326 246-248 431.4 ** 1327  93 487.5 *** 1328 162 510.5 *** 1329  98 511.4 *** Compound Melting Mass Spec Replicon IC₅₀ Number Point (° C.) [M + H] μM 3-day ¹H NMR Data 2129 175-180 472.4 (M − 1) *** 2130 180-182 450.2 *** 2131 521.1 * 2132 541.2 * 2133 221-227 445.4 *** 2134 185-190 446.4 *** 2135 180-185 444.3 (M − 1) *** 2136 135-137 404.2 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 7.57 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (dd, J = 6.6 Hz and 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 5.09-5.03 (m, 1H), 4.01 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 1.33 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 6H), 1.07-1.04 (m, 1H), 0.43 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 0.07 (q, J = 3.6 Hz, 2H). 2137 176-177 440.1 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ (M + Na) 7.54 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (dd, J = 6.6 Hz and 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 4.01 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 1.55 (s, 9H), 1.07-1.02 (m, 1H), 0.43 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 0.05 (q, J = 3.6 Hz, 2H). 2138 181-182 418.1 *** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 7.56 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (dd, J = 9.0 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 5.07-5.03 (m, 1H), 4.11 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.32 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 6H), 1.09-1.01 (m, 1H), 0.48-0.40 (m, 2H), 0.08-0.01 (m, 2H). 2139 185-186 417.1 * ¹H NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz), δ 8.77 (s, 1H), 7.65 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.30 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.10-4.07 (m, 4H), 3.05 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.47-1.43 (m, 2H), 1.37 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.89-0.85 (m, 4H), 0.31-0.27 (m, 2H), 0.04-0.00 (m, 2H). 2140 169-170 392.3 * ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ7.58-7.51 (m, 3H), 7.43 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 5.09-5.03 (m, 1H), 4.69-4.62 (m, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 1.59 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 6H), 1.33 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 6H). 2141 201-202 398.2 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 7.52 (dd, J = 8.7 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (dd, J = 7.2 Hz and 1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J = 9.0 Hz and J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 4.18-4.08 (m, 4H), 3.25 (q, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.49-1.42 (m, 6H), 1.36 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 2142 164-165 412.2 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 7.52 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.47-7.38 (m, 3H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 6.98 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (s, 1H), 4.19-4.04 (m, 4H), 3.23 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.99-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.46 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.36 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.06 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 2143 204-205 410.0 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ 7.52 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J = 9.0 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.19-4.08 (m, 4H), 2.66-2.27 (m, 1H), 1.46 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.36 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.27-1.23 (m, 2H), 1.08-1.03 (m, 2H). 2144 167-169 403.3 * ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ 7.70 (br, 1H), 7.52 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.47 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.24 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.10-1.04 (m, 1H), 0.45 (q, J = 4.2 Hz, 2H), 0.09-0.03 (m, 2H). 2145 189-192 417.3 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ7.50-7.43 (m, 4H), 7.38 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.04-3.97 (m, 3H), 1.47 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 6H), 1.06-1.04 (m, 1H), 0.42 (q, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 0.06 (q, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H). 2146 162-163 406.3 * ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ7.57-7.44 (m, 4H), 7.18-7.17 (m, 2H), 6.94 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (s, 1H), 5.06-5.00 (m, 1H), 4.73-4.66 (m, 1H), 4.11 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.61 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 6H), 1.46 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.31 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 6H). 2147 182-184 360.2 *** 2148 142-146 416.4 *** 2149 134-136 346.4 *** 2151 202-204 468.1 *** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ 1.33 (d, 6H), 1.73-1.95 (m, 2H), 2.26-2.38 (m, 2H), 2.71-2.85 (m, 2H), 4.90-5.10 (m, 2H), 6.72 (s, br, 1H), 7.08 (t, 1H), 7.14-7.18 (dd, 1H), 7.43 (d, 2H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.59 (t, 2H), 7.79 (d, 1H), 8.60 (d, 2H) 2152 164-168 393.3 *** 2153 207-211 392.3 *** 2154 185-195 470.3 (M − 1) *** 2155 194-195 378.2 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 7.57 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J = 9.0 Hz and 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 4.26δ q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2Hδ, 4.19-4.07 (m, 4H), 1.46 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.37-1.32 (m, 6H). 2156 179-180 392.1 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 7.57 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (dd, J = 8.7 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (s, 1H), 5.07-5.03δ m, 1Hδ, 4.19-4.07 (m, 4H), 1.46 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.37-1.32 (m, 9H). 2157 223-224 377.2 * ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ 7.52 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.13 (m, 2H), 6.98 (dd, J = 8.8 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (br, 1H), 4.17-4.10 (m 4H), 3.32δ q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2Hδ, 1.47 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.34 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H) 1.20 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 2158 193-194 391.2 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 7.72 (br, 1H), 7.52-7.42 (m, 4H), 7.33 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J = 8.7 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.18-4.08 (m, 4H), 4.06-3.97δ m, 1Hδ, 1.47 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.35 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.23 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H). 2159 199-200 405.3 * ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ7.54-7.52 (m, 3H), 7.37 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 7.15 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (dd, J = 8.8 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.25 (br, 1H), 4.72-4.65 (m, 1H), 4.11δ q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2Hδ, 3.24 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.62-1.52 (m, 8H), 1.47 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H). 2160 226-227 404.3 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 7.57 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (dd, J = 9.0 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 4.26 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.34 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.09-1.01 (m, 1H), 0.47-0.40 (m, 2H), 0.08-0.01 (m, 2H). 2161 177-183 456.3 (M − 1) *** 2162 210-212 504.3 *** 2163 136-138 505.3 *** 2164 160-164 442.3 (M − 1) *** 2165 179-180 406.2 ** ¹H NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz), δ 9.69 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (dd, J = 8.8 Hz and 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.16 (q, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 4.07δ q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2Hδ, 1.49 (s, 9H), 1.34 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.18 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H). 2166 181-182 430.1 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 7.54 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (dd, J = 8.7 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 4.11 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.55 (s, 9H), 1.46 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.08-1.01 (m, 1H), 0.47-0.40 (m, 2H), 0.09-0.02 (m, 2H). 2167 185-187 538.3 *** 2168 148-149 539.4 *** 2169 197-198 555.4 *** 2170 141-143 513.4 *** 2171 202-204 429.3 *** 2172 179-183 421.3 ** 2173 190-194 420.3 ** 2174 161-166 442.3 (M − 1) *** 2175 193-195 502.3 *** 2176 187-189 502.3 *** 2177 167-196 476.3 *** 2178 235-237 530.3 *** 2179 195-197 504.4 *** 2180 203-205 488.3 *** 2181 207-209 530.4 (M − 1) *** 2182 202-204 494.3 *** 2183 225-227 474.9 *** 2184 220-222 503.4 *** 2185 212-215 487.4 *** 2187 >250.    395.8 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ (decomposed) 8.08 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.67-7.65 (m, 3H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.88 (m, 3H), 4.14 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.80-2.72 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.50 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H). 2188 210-212 437.9 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ 8.03 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.67-7.63 (m, 3H), 7.18 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J = 8.8 Hz and 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.91-4.87 (m, 1H), 4.35 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.61-3.56 (m, 1H), 2.77-2.72 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.32 (m, 2H), 1.96-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.49 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.16 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 6H). 2189 170-171 438.0 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ 8.01 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.67-7.63 (m, 3H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.85 (m, 1H), 4.45 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.03 (q, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.81-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.39-2.32 (m, 2H), 1.99-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.49 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 2190 191-193 451.9 * ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ 8.03 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.67-7.63 (m, 3H), 7.17 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (dd, J = 8.8 Hz and 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93-4.85 (m, 1H), 4.31 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.40-3.33 (m, 1H), 2.78-2.68 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.57-1.42 (m, 5H), 1.12 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.82 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 2191 185-187 450.0 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ 8.00 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.67-7.62 (m, 3H), 7.17 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J = 8.8 Hz and 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.91-4.84 (m, 1H), 4.69 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.92-3.86 (m, 1H), 2.79-2.69 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.26-2.18 (m, 2H), 1.98-1.82 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.61 (m, 4H), 1.50 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 2192 463.9 * ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ 8.00 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.67-7.63 (m, 3H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.85 (m, 1H), 4.45 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.72-3.67 (m, 1H), 2.80-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.32 (m, 2H), 1.98-1.80 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.43 (m, 9H). 2193 218-221 410.2 * ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ 8.02 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.67-7.59 (m, 3H), 7.19 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J = 8.8 Hz and 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.85 (m, 1H), 4.40-4.37 (q, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.82-2.73 (m, 5H), 2.36 (q, J = 8.4, 2H), 2.01-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.57 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 2195 203-210 431.3 *** 2196 203-210 431.3 *** 2197 180-182 525.46 *** 2198 197-200 524.37 *** 2199 160-163 511.44 *** 2200 196-198 510.43 *** 2201 146-147 486.4 *** 2202 152-153 474.4 *** 2203 215-216 485.4 *** 2204 164-165 500.4 *** 2205 179-181 510.4 (M − 1) *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.62 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.58 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.43 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.20 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.95 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 6.81 (1H, br s), 4.94 (1H, p, J = 8.7 Hz), 4.40 (1H, q, J = 0.7 Hz), 4.13 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 2.89-2.76 (2H, m), 2.39-2.28 (2H, m), 2.00-1.50 (7H, m), 1.25-1.12 (2H, m), 1.17 (3H, s), 1.12 (3H, s), 0.88 (3H, s). 2206 138-139 529 *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.63 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.57 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.43 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.20 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.95 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 6.76 (1H, br s), 5.11 (1H, p, J = 5.1 Hz), 4.94 (1H, p, J = 8.5 Hz), 4.13 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 2.90-1.65 (7H, m), 1.48 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), 1.25 (3H, s), 1.17 (3H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 1.00 (3H, s). 2207 166-168 510.4 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.62 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.57 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.50 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.20 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.95 (1H, dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz), 6.83 (1H, br s), 4.96 (1H, narrow m), 4.13 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 2.88-2.77 (2H, m), 2.40-2.29 (2H, m), 2.17-1.50 (19H, m). 2208 foam 482.1 *** 2209 foam 482.1 *** 2210 194-196 494.4 *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.27-0.37 (m, 1H), 0.44-0.65 (m, 3H), 0.98-1.11 (m, 1H), 1.40 (d, 3H), 1.69-1.97 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.38 (m, 2H), 2.69-2.87 (m, 2H), 4.29-4.41 (m, 1H), 4.88-5.04 (m, 1H), 6.76 (s, br, 1H), 7.07 (t, 1H), 7.14-7.19 (dd, 1H), 7.40-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.53-7.62 (m, 3H), 7.79 (d, 1H), 8.59 (d, 2H) 2211 119-120 510.4 *** 2212 151-153 448.4 *** 2213 202-204 472.4 *** 2214 213-215 472.4 *** 2215 80-82 486.4 *** 2216 498.4 *** 2217 154-156 480.1 *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.26-0.35 (m, 1H), 0.44-0.73 (m, 5H), 0.96-1.10 (m, 3H), 1.40 (d, 3H), 3.36-3.45 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.41 (m, 1H), 6.77 (s, br, 1H), 7.06 (t, 1H), 7.13-7.17 (dd, 1H), 7.51 (d, 1H), 7.56-7.64 (q, 4H), 7.76 (d, 1H), 8.59 (d, 2H) 2218 233-235 446.1 ** 2219 241-244 460.2 *** 2220 189-192 474.2 *** 2221 218-220 474.2 *** 2222 145 472.2 *** (decomp.) 2223 195-197 434.2 (M − 1) *** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 8.06 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.68-7.65 (m, 3H), 7.18 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J = 8.4 Hz and 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.93-4.87 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.11 (m, 2H), 2.79-2.71 (m, 2H), 2.41-2.35 (m, 3H), 1.97-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.49 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.71-0.68 (m, 4H). 2224 161-163 480.2 *** 2225 174-175 494.2 *** 2226 163-164 494.2 *** 2227 174-176 492.2 *** 2228 208-210 492.2 ** 2229 192-195 460.2 *** 2230 220-222 474.2 *** 2231 259-261 488.2 *** 2232 178-180 488.2 *** 2233 239-240 486.2 *** 2234 120-123 488.3 *** 2235 140-147 423.2 (M − 1) ** 2236 glass 516.5 (M − 1) *** 2237 178-179 504.2 *** 2238 glass 536.4 (M − 1) *** 2239 209-211 454.5 *** 2240 91-93 482.5 *** 2241 122-124 470.4 ** 2242 186-188 466.4 *** 2243 161-163 480.4 *** 2244 178-180 416.2 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ 7.65 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.52 (m, 4H), 7.24 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (dd, J = 8.8 Hz and 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.89 (m, 1H), 4.14 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.59 (b, 2H), 3.34 (b, 2H), 2.88-2.83 (m, 2H), 2.36-2.29 (m, 2H), 1.97-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.49 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.43-1.18 (m, 6H). 2245 235-236 402.1 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ 7.90 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 6.97 (dd, J = 8.8 Hz and 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.90 (m, 1H), 4.35-4.30 (m, 1H), 4.13 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.80-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.33 (m, 2H), 1.95-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.49 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.30 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 6H). 2246 201-202 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 7.65 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.52 (m, 4H), 7.23 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (dd, J = 8.7 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.88 (m, 1H), 4.14 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.79-3.54 (m, 8H), 2.88-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.29 (m, 2H), 1.98-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.49 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 2247 154-156 400.2 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ 7.77 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.65 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (dd, J = 8.8 Hz and 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93-4.88 (m, 1H), 4.33 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 4H), 4.14 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.82-2.76 (m, 2H), 2.44-2.30 (m, 4H), 1.95-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.49 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H). 2248 217-218 414.2 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ 7.89 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (dd, J = 8.4 Hz and 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.89 (m, 1H), 4.64-4.62 (m, 1H), 4.13 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.80-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.48-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.78 (m, 6H) 1.49 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H). 2252 105-109 419.9 *** 2253 261-265 304.6 ** 2254 204 515.3 *** (decomp.) 2255 228-231 426.2 *** 2256   194-196.5 440.3 ** 2257   208-210.5 438.3 *** 2258   182-187.5 440.3 ** 2259 62-65 456.3 *** 2260 155-157 486.3 *** 2261 glass 494.4 ** 2262 glass 496.4 *** 2263 223-224 503.4 *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.15 (d, 6H), 1.70-1.92 (m, 2H), 2.31-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.64-2.81 (m, 2H), 3.52-3.63 (m, 1H), 5.05-5.16 (m, 1H), 6.62 (d, 1H), 7.15-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.47-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.56-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.70-7.75 (m, 2H), 8.562 (d, 2H), 9.03 (s, br, 1H) 2264 196-201 373.0 * 2265 168-173 443.5 * 2266 218-223 473.5 ** 2267 206-211 465.5 ** 2268 172-178 485 *** 2269 442.3 *** 2270 228-233 484.2 *** 2278 glass 496.1 *** 2279 200-205 494.1 * 2280 155-160 458.5 *** 2281 180-185 456.5 * 2282 181-185 470.5 *** 2283 198-203 459.5 *** 2284 glass 514.2 (M − 1) *** 2285 glass 518.2 *** 2286 191-193 389.0 *** 2287 glass 488.3 *** 2288 216-217 475.4 *** 2289 145-150 490.5 * 2290 195-200 490.5 * 2291 240-245 470.5 *** 2292 195-196 475.1 ** 2298 172-177 496.5 *** 2299 146-148 539.4 *** 2300 186-189 484.6 ** 2301 241-243 481.5 *** 2302 197-202 467.4 ** 2303 414.3 * ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ7.69-7.64 (m, 3H), 7.52 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (dd, J = 8.7 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.88 (m, 1H), 4.14 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.73-3.50 (m, 4H), 2.87-2.79 (m, 2H), 2.35-2.32 (m, 2H), 1.97-1.83 (m, 6H), 1.49 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 2304 428.2 ** ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz), δ 7.65 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.57-7.50 (m, 4H), 7.23 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (dd, J = 8.7 Hz and 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.91-4.88 (m, 1H), 4.14 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (b, 2H), 3.43 (b, 2H), 2.88-2.81 (m, 2H), 2.34-2.30 (m, 2H), 1.97-1.58 (m, 8H), 1.49 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 2305 glass 516.4 (M − 1) *** 2306 glass 536.4 (M − 1) *** 2307 509.3 ** 2308 78-80 444.4 (M − 1) *** 2309 217-222 470.5 *** 2310 178-183 496.5 *** 2311 172-175 468.2 * 2313 glass 502.3 (M − 1) *** 2314 glass 488.4 *** 2315 glass 488.5 *** 2316 glass 502.4 *** 2317 glass 474.8 *** 2318 199-201 500.1 (M − 1) *** 2319 186 503.2 *** (decomp.) 2320 134 503.2 *** (deomp.) 2321 234-235 489.2 *** 2322 187-189 480.3 *** 2323 247-250 470.3 *** 2324 224-226 497.4 *** 2325 203-207 510 *** 2326 142-144 462.4 *** 2327 153-155 496.4 (M − 1) *** 2328 74-80 466.1 *** 2329 78-84 500.0 (M − 1) * 2330 160-163 480.2 *** 2331 188-192 472.1 *** 2332 180-184 486.2 * 2333 198-202 460.2 ** 2334 199-203 474.1 *** 2335 208-212 472.1 *** 2336 179-180 486.5 *** 2337 225-226 458.3 *** 2338 262-263 444.2 ** 2339   165-165.5 502.0 *** 2340 186-187 506.5 *** 2341 93-95 469.4 *** 2342 163-165 498.6 *** 2343 174-175 490.5 ** 2344 98-99 482.6 *** 2345 166-167 498.5 (M − 1) ** 2346 177-178 476.6 *** 2347 glass 476.6 *** 2348 glass 440.5 ** 2349 183-184 476.3 * 2350 223-224 504.3 ** 2351 180-181 500.3 (M − 1) *** 2352 255-256 520.0 * 2353 148-149 498.6 *** 2354 217-219 483.7 *** 2355 205-207 490.5 ** 2356 200-201 472.4 (M − 1) * 2357 181-182 456.4 (M − 1) * 2358 194-196 458.3 (M − 1) * 2359 234-236 486.5 ** 2360 177-179 488.5 *** 2361 243-245 454.7 *** 2362 260-262 448.5 * 2363 225-227 462.7 ** 2364 250-251 476.6 *** 2365 202-204 474.6 ** 2366 241-243 490.6 *** 2367 214-216 476.5 *** 2368 178-182 460.6 ** 2369 189-191 474.6 ** 2370 177-179 502.6 *** 2371 213-215 492.5 *** 2372 225-227 518.6 *** 2373 179-180 472.5 *** 2374 113-115 446.5 *** 2375 227-229 488.8 *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 8.58 (d, 2H, J = 4.5 Hz), 7.79 (d, 1H, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.51 (d, 1H, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.05-7.36 (m, 6H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 3.99 (d, 2H, J = 6.6 Hz), 3.20 (t, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz), 1.96 (m, 2H), 1.09 (t, 3H, J = 7.5 Hz), 1.04 (m, 1H), 0.56 (m, 2H), 0.04 (m, 2H). 2376 181-183 494.6 *** 2377 166-168 488.6 *** 2378 179-180 499.8 *** 2379 211-213 498.9 (M − 1) *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 8.58 (d, 2H, J = 4.5 Hz), 7.79 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.60 (d, 1H, J = 1.5 Hz), 7.06-7.46 (m, 6H), 6.42 (s, 1H), 4.85 (m, 1H), 4.02 (t, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz), 2.57-2.79 (m, 4H), 2.30-2.37 (m, 4H), 1.78-2.07 (m, 4H). 2380 221-223 502.9 *** 2381 218-221 488.0 *** 2382 113-118 488.6 *** 2383 114-122 503.3 *** 2384 183-185 472.6 ** 2385 211-213 470.4 ** 2386 194-196 472.7 * 2387 222-224 484.4 ** 2388 215-216 470.7 *** 2389 201-202 472.7 * 2390 234-238 487.0 *** 2391 222-224 488.9 *** 2392 106-109 456.4 *** 2393 143-144 512.8 *** 2394 203-204 488.2 ** 2395 221-222 494.0 *** 2396 179-180 468.8 *** 2397 143-145 452.7 * 2398 glass 466.7 ** 2399  94-104 468.7 *** 2400 193-196 442.7 *** 2401 107-110 477.7 *** 2402 193-195 400.6 ** 2403 189-191 414.6 * 2404 168-170 450.9 ** 2405 173-175 456.9 * 2406 176-178 474.6 *** 2407 210-212 436.9 ** 2408 230-236 466.8 * 2409 168-174 438.7 ** 2410 143-144 462.7 ** 2411 91-92 492.7 ** 2412 144-145 472.7 *** 2413 92-93 497.9 *** 2414 91-93 485.9 *** 2415 88-90 513.0 *** 2416 215-219 477.7 ** 2417 118-120 477.8 *** 2418 235-237 478.8 *** 2419 212-214 478.6 *** 2420 237-241 436.7 ** 2421 211-215 450.8 ** 2422 157-165 452.8 *** 2423 218-220 488.7 ** 2424 220-222 501.0 *** 2425 233-236 448.6 ** 2426 243-246 478.9 ** 2427 150-154 451.0 ** 2428 216-222 477.1 ** 2429 189-192 472.7 *** 2430 198-201 471.6 *** 2431 234-237 472.7 ** 2432 478.9 * 2433 glass 478.7 *** 2434 215-217 410.1 *** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.67-0.76 (m, 2H), 0.96-1.05 (m, 2H), 1.27 (d, 6H), 3.33-3.42 (m, 1H), 3.64-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.82 (d, br, 1H), 6.68 (d, 2H), 7.05 (t, 1H), 7.10-7.13 (dd, 1H), 7.45-7.53 (m, 3H), 7.72 (d, 1H), 8.458 (d, 2H) 2435 108-113 467.0 * 2436 ** ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.78-7.74 (2H, m), 7.56 (2H, d, J = 6.9 Hz), 7.44 (2H, d, J = 6.9 Hz), 7.33-7.29 (2H, m), 6.77 (1H, br s), 4.99 (1H, 5, J = 9.3 Hz), 4.37-4.33 (1H, m), 2.89-2.82 (2H, m), 2.39-2.33 (2H, m), 2.02-1.76 (2H, m), 1.39 (3H, d, J = 6.6 Hz), 1.12-0.98 (1H, m), 0.62-0.44 (3H, m), 0.36-0.27 (1H, m) 2437 186-190 451.3 *** 2438 234-237 485.3 *** 2439 209-211 501.3 *** 2440 152-154 450.1 *** 2441 434.8 *** 2442 228-230 448.9 *** 2443 208-210 471.3 *** 2444 105-110 477.3 *** 2445 94-95 487.9 *** 2446 82-83 501.8 *** 2447 89-90 481.8 *** 2448 192-195 487.9 *** 2449 209-210 467.0 ** 2450 211-213 490.8 (M − 1) ** 2451 194-196 424.6 (M − 1) ** 2452 267-269 459.7 ** 2453 165-169 486.6 *** 2454 182-185 501.8 *** 2455 72-84 511.0 *** 2456 176-178 485.0 *** 2457 152-155 504.7 *** 2458 209-211 446.0 *** 2459 205-207 458.9 *** 2460 200-202 469.9 *** 2461 230-232 472.1 *** 2462 218-219 471.4 *** 2463 228-230 483.6 *** 2464 222-223 497.6 *** 2465 227-229 485.6 *** 2466 144-145 499.9 *** 2467 89-90 442.8 *** 2468 153-154 441.6 *** 2469 210-212 423.5 *** 2470 187-189 423.5 *** 2471 171-176 436.5 *** 2472 191-194 436.4 *** 2473 87-88 469.4 *** 2474 91-92 443.4 *** 2475 90-91 463.3 ** 2476 228-229 450.6 *** 2477 178-179 477.8 *** 2478 157-159 451.8 *** 2479 102-103 527.8 *** 2480 221-222 474.1 *** 2481 193-194 440.0 *** 2482 212-214 442.4 *** 2483 92-98 485.0 *** 2484 207-208 502.0 *** 2485 222-224 383.1 *** 2486 239-241 469.0 *** 2487 199-201 528.9 *** 2488 226-228 528.8 *** 2489 166-169 527.7 *** 2490 114-115 508.0 *** 2491 177-178 516.0 *** 2492 215-216 502.0 * 2493 170-171 507.9 *** 2494 466.0 *** 2495 159-160 477.6 (M − 1) *** 2496 195-196 465.8 *** 2497 195-196 453.9 *** 2498 452.8 *** 2499 226-228 475.4 (M − 1) ** 2500 524.4 *** 2501 516.0 * 2502 529.9 ** 2503 497.9 ** 2504 82-88 460.9 *** 2505 203-204 410.1 *** 2506 214-215 487.6 *** 2507 222-223 501.9 *** 2508 203-205 488.1 *** 2509 126-130 522.0 *** 2510 165-169 477.7 (M − 1) *** 2511 209-228 452.9 *** 2512 175-177 453.9 *** 2513 206-208 425.7 ** 2514 150-152 416.1 ** 2515 184-185 410.1 *** 2516 201-203 436.0 *** 2517 190-191 469.9 [M − 1] *** 2518 140-142 486.0 (M − 1) *** 2519 204-207 472.0 (M − 1) *** 2520 170-171 469.9 (M − 1) *** 2521 198-200 485.9 (M − 1) *** 2522 248-258 440.0 *** 2523 521.9 *** 2524 236-245 438.9 *** 2525 169-195 466.0 *** 2526 196-197 467.9 *** 2527 151-152 471.8 *** 2528 168-169 485.6 (M − 1) *** 2529 174-175 493.9 *** 2530 165-166 497.8 *** 2531 173-174 511.8 (M − 1) *** 2532 67-68 442.1 *** 2533 94-95 468.8 *** 2534 108-115 505.8 *** 2535 192-194 516.0 ** 2536 231-238 502.1 *** 2537 190-201 486.1 *** 2538 229-237 499.9 *** 2539 216-218 517.9 *** 2540 149-152 505.9 *** 2541  96-108 528.2 *** 2542 115-122 549.7 *** 2543 115-124 550.6 *** 2544 148-150 483.5 (M − 1) *** 2545 87-89 485.5 (M − 1) ***

Example 7 Evaluation of the Activity of Compounds Using an HCV-Poliovirus Chimera

In an HCV-poliovirus (HCV-PV) chimera, the PV 5′ UTR is replaced by the HCV 5′ UTR and partial (the first 123 amino acids) core coding sequences (nucleotides 18 to 710 of HCV 1b) as shown in FIG. 1 (139, 140). As a consequence, the expression of poliovirus proteins is under regulation of the HCV IRES. Poliovirus is a picornavirus in which protein translation initiation is mediated by an IRES element located in the 5′ UTR. At the 5′ end of the HCV-PV chimeric genome, there is the cloverleaf-like RNA structure of PV, an essential cis-acting replication signal ending with the genome-linked protein VPg. Replication kinetics of the HCV-PV chimera matches that of the parental poliovirus (Mahoney) and can result in cytopathic effects (CPE) in cell culture. Heptazyme (29), a ribozyme that targets the HCV IRES, was shown to be active against the chimeric virus in cell culture (76, 77).

To evaluate compounds for activity against the chimeric virus, HeLa cells are seeded and incubated at 37° C. under 5% CO₂ for 24 hours. The cells are then infected with HCV-PV at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) at 0.1 for 30 min and then treated with compound for 1 day (treatment time will be optimized). The activity of compounds is determined by a change in cytopathic effect, plaque assay, and/or viral RNA production (see e.g., Table 1).

Example 8 Evaluation of the Activity of Compounds Against a Wild-Type Poliovirus (WT-PV) and the Poliovirus IRES Translation Assay (WT-PV Mono Luc)

A DNA construct is prepared, termed pPVIRESmono, in which PV IRES sequences are inserted (nucleotide number 1-742) between a promoter and the firefly luciferase (Fluc) reporter gene. A stably transfected 293 T cell line, is established by transfection with the pPVIRESmono DNA by selecting for resistance to hygromycin. As previously described, cells are treated with compounds for 20 hours, and activity is determined by quantifying the Fluc signal. Additionally, to evaluate compounds activity against wild-type poliovirus, Helacells are seeded and incubated at 37° C. under 5% CO₂ for 24 hours. Cells are then infected with wild-type poliovirus at a MOI at 0.1 for 30 minutes, and then treated with compound for one day. The activity of compounds is determined by changes in cytopathic effect, plaque assay, and RT-PCR using poliovirus IRES primers and probes (see e.g., Table 2).

Furthermore, if compounds are active against the poliovirus and other virus IRES, then the compounds are useful for treating viral infection by any virus containing an IRES.

TABLE 2 WT-PV Compound CPE WT-PV CPE WT-PV CPE WTPV mono luc No. (100 μM)* (10 μM)* (1 μM)* IC₅₀ (μM) 4 3 2 1 0.8 5 3 2 1 9 9 3 2 2 >100 10 3 2 2 >100 19 3 2 1 15 24 3 2 2 1.5

Example 9 In Vitro Translation Assay

In vitro translation assays can be used to distinguish between the compounds that act on HCV IRES RNA or cellular translation factors. In exemplary assays, the mRNA that will direct translation is a transcribed runoff product from the T7 RNA polymerase promoter of the pHCVIRESmono plasmid DNA generated with Ambion RNA MegaTranscript kit (Ambion, Inc., Austin, Tex.). In vitro translation is performed using HeLa cell lysates using methods known to one of skill in the art. Preliminary results indicate that one or more of the compounds of the present invention has significantly higher activity against HCV IRES regulated translation after preincubating the compound with the HCV IRES RNA transcripts than after preincubating with HeLa cell lysate for 30 min at 37° C. or without preincubation (data not shown). This suggests that this compound may interact with the HCV IRES RNA in the in vitro translation assay. To demonstrate whether the compounds selectively act on the HCV IRES, pLuc is used together with cellular IRES mRNA transcripts as controls for in vitro translation.

All publications and patent applications cited herein are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Although certain embodiments have been described in detail above, those having ordinary skill in the art will clearly understand that many modifications are possible in the embodiments without departing from the teachings thereof. All such modifications are intended to be encompassed within the claims of the invention.

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All documents referred to herein are incorporated by reference into the present application as though fully set forth herein. 

1.-75. (canceled)
 76. A compound of formula I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is: (a) -nitro; (b) —COR_(a), where R_(a) is: (1) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, (2) -cyclopropyl, (3) -cyclobutyl, (4) -cyclopentyl, (5) -cyclohexyl, (6) -aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or a halogen, (7) -dialkyl-amino, (8) —N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, (9) —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, (10) —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, (11) —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino; (c) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl; (d) -formyl; (e) -aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy; or (f)-5 or 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with: (1) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, (2) -cyclopropyl, (3) -cyclobutyl, (4) -cyclopentyl, (5) -cyclohexyl, (6) -aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one or more halogen(s), or (7) -5 to 6 membered heteroaryl; Y is: (a) -haloalkyl; (b) -halogen; (c) -benzofuran; (d) -benzothiophene; (e) -dibenzofuran; (f) -dibenzothiophene; (g) -benzothiazole; (h) -naphthalene; (i)-indole, optionally substituted on the nitrogen with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl;

where R_(b) is a hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, and n is 0 or 1;

where R_(c) is a hydrogen, a —CONHR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or an —SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above;

where R_(d) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl or aryl; (o) —NHCOR_(e), where R_(e) is: (1) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl; (2) -aryl optionally substituted with: (i) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, (ii) -alkoxy, (iii) -cyano, (iv) -nitro, or (v) -halogen; (p) —NHCOOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; (q) —CH₂O—R_(f), where R_(f) is aryl; (r) —NR_(g)R_(h), where R_(g) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl and R_(h) is hydrogen or aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy; (s) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl; (t) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with: (1) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, wherein C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with aryl, (2) -aryl, optionally substituted with —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (3) -amino; (4) —NHCOOR_(dd), where R_(dd) is -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, (u) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle optionally substituted with: (1) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or (2) —NHCOOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; (v)-aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the following: (1) -alkoxy optionally substituted with: (i) -alkoxy, (ii) -hydroxy, (iii) -one or more halogen(s), (iv) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted with: —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, or -hydroxy, (v) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, (vi) —NR_(i)SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above and R_(i) is: -hydrogen, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, -haloalkyl, or -haloalkoxy, (vii) —NR_(j)COR_(k), where R_(k) is: —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -hydrogen, or -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, and R_(j) is: -hydrogen, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, -haloalkyl, or -haloalkoxy, (viii) —N═N⁺═N⁻, or (ix) —COR_(l), where R_(l) is a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle optionally substituted with a hydroxy, (2) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, (3) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with: —NHSO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or —NR_(x)SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (4) -haloalkoxy, (5) -halogen, (6) -hydroxy, (7) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (8) —COR_(m), where R_(m) is: (i) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, where the one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with: -hydroxy, -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or -alkoxy, (ii) -3 to 7 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, wherein C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with a dialkyl-amino, N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino, or (iii) —NHR_(n), where R_(n) is: —CH₂CONH₂, or -aryl optionally substituted with: —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -one or more halogen(s), -nitro, or -one or more alkoxy(s), (9) —NR_(o)COR_(p), where R_(p) is: (i) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with: -halogen, -alkoxy, or -aryl, (ii) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, (iii) -aryl, optionally substituted with a halogen, (iv) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, (v) hydrogen, or

 and where R_(o) is: (i) -hydrogen, (ii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl or -cyclohexyl, (iii) —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (iv) -haloalkyl, or (v) -haloalkoxy, (10) —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r), where R_(q) is: (i) -hydrogen, (ii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl or -cyclohexyl, (iii) -haloalkyl, (iv) -haloalkoxy, or (v) —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, and where R_(r) is: (i) -aryl optionally substituted with:

—C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -haloalkyl, —OR_(s), where R_(s) is aryl, or —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (ii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with one or more of the following: -halogen, -alkenyl, -aryl, or —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (iii) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (iv) -cyclopropyl, (v) -cyclobutyl, (vi) -cyclopentyl, (vii) -cyclohexyl or (viii) -cyclopropylmethyl, (11) —NR_(t)COOR_(u), where R_(u) is: (i) —C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, wherein C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with: (a) -aryl optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, or an alkoxy, (b) -alkenyl, (c) -alkoxy, (d) -alkynyl, (e) -halogen, or (f) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, (ii) aryl, optionally substituted with: -alkoxy, -halogen, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, (iii) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, (iv) -cyclopropyl, (v) -cyclobutyl, (vi) -cyclopentyl, (vii) -cyclohexyl, -cyclopropylmethyl, or (ix) -cyclopropylethyl, and R_(t) is: (i) -hydrogen, (ii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, (iii) —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (iv) -haloalkyl, or (v) -haloalkoxy, (12) —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w), where R_(v) is: (i) -hydrogen, (ii) —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or (iii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, wherein C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with: -halogen, —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, —OCOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, -hydroxy, or -alkoxy, and where R_(w) is: (i) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, wherein C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with: -halogen, -haloalkyl, -aryl, or -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, (ii) —C₂ to C₆ alkenyl, (iii) -mono-alkyl-amino or dialkyl-amino optionally substituted on alkyl with a halogen, (iv) —N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, (v) —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, (vi) —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, (vii) —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino; (viii) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or (ix) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with: —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or

 optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, where R_(y) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or hydrogen,

 where R_(z) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with aryl, (20) —SR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (21) —SO₂R_(aa), where R_(aa) is: (i) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, (ii) -amino, (iii) -mono-alkyl-amino or dialkyl-amino optionally substituted on alkyl with a hydroxy or a —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (iv) —N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, (v) —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, (vi) —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, (vii) —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino; or (viii) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, (22) -aryl, or (23) —NHR_(bb), where R_(bb) is:

 (iii) ═C(═S)NH₂, or (iv) —PO(OR_(x))₂, where R_(x) is as defined above; or

where R_(cc) is: (1) -naphthalene, (2) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,

(4) -aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the following: (i) -alkoxy, (ii) -hydroxy, (iii) -halogen, (iv) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with a cyano, (v) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, (vi) —NHPOR_(x)R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (vii) —NR_(ee)CONR_(ff)R_(ff), where R_(ee) is a hydrogen, a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with a halogen, and R_(ff) is: -hydrogen, -haloalkyl, -haloalkoxy, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, or —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (viii) —NR_(gg)COR_(hh), where R_(hh) is: -hydrogen, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with: -alkoxy, -halogen, or -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, where the one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s) cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with a halogen, -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, and R_(gg) is -hydrogen, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, -haloalkyl, -haloalkoxy, or —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; (ix) -haloalkyl, (x) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, (xi) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, or (xii) —NR_(ii)SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, and R_(ii) is: -hydrogen, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -haloalkyl, -haloalkoxy, or —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; Z is: (a) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with: (1) -alkoxy, (2) -one or more halogen(s), or (3) -aryl; (b) —C₂ to C₆ alkenyl; (c) -aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl; (d) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above;

(f) -cyclopropylmethyl; (g) -cyclobutylmethyl; or (g) -cyclopentylmethyl; R is: (a) -hydrogen; (b) -halogen; or (c) -alkoxy; R₁ is: (a) -hydrogen; (b) -hydroxy; (c) -halogen; (d) -haloalkyl; (e) -nitro; (f) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl; (g) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle; (h)-alkoxy optionally substituted with: (1) -one or more halogen(s), (2) -aryl, or (3) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle; (i) -aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy; (j) —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; (k) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with (i) a dialkyl-amino (ii) —N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, (iii) —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, (iv) —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, (v) —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino; or (vi) a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle; or R₁ joins together with R₂ to form:

R₂ is: (a) -nitro; (b) -hydrogen; (c) -halogen; (d) -hydroxy; (e) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with one or more halogen(s); (f) -amino; (g) -alkoxy optionally substituted with: (1) -one or more halogen(s), (2) —OCOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (3) -dialkyl-amino optionally substituted on alkyl with an alkoxy, (4) —N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, (5) —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, (6) —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, (7) —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino; (8) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, (9) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, or (10) -aryl; (h) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; (i) -haloalkyl; (j) -amide optionally substituted with: (1) -hydroxy, or (2) -aryl; (k) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl; (l) —OCOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; (m) —NHCOR_(jj), where R_(jj) is: (1) -alkoxy, or (2) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl; (n) —OR_(kk), where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl; (o) —NHSO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; or R₂ joins together with R₁ to form:

and R₃ is: (a) -hydrogen; or (b) —CH₂OCOR_(x), and R_(x) is as defined above; provided that when X is phenyl substituted with alkoxy, then Y is phenyl, R is hydrogen, R₁ is a halogen, R₂ is hydrogen, and R₃ is hydrogen, and provided that when X is phenyl, hydroxyphenyl or pyridyl, then Y is alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, R is hydrogen, R₁ is hydrogen or hydroxy, R₂ is hydrogen or hydroxy, and R₃ is hydrogen.
 77. The compound of claim 76, wherein: Y is (a) aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the following: (1) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, (2) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with a —NHSO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (3) —NR_(o)COR_(p), where R_(p) is: (i) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with: halogen, or -aryl, or (ii) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, and where R_(o) is a hydrogen, (4) —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r), where R_(q) is: (i) -hydrogen, or (ii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, and where R_(r) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with one or more of the following: (a)-halogen, (b) -alkenyl, or (c) -aryl, (iii) -cyclopropyl; (iv) -cyclobutyl; (v) -cyclopentyl; (vi) -cyclohexyl; or (vii) -cyclopropylmethyl; (5) —NR_(t)COOR_(u), where R_(u) is: (i) —C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with: (a) -aryl optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or an alkoxy, (b) -alkenyl, (c) -alkoxy, (d) -alkynyl, (e) -halogen, or (f) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, (ii) -aryl, optionally substituted with an alkoxy, (iii) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, (iv) -cyclopropyl, (v) -cyclobutyl, (vi) -cyclopentyl, (vii) -cyclohexyl, (viii) -cyclopropylmethyl, or (ix) -cyclopropylethyl, and where R_(t) is: (i) -hydrogen, or (ii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, (6) —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w), where R_(v) is a hydrogen, and where R_(w) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with a halogen;

 where R_(z) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, or (13) —NHR_(bb), where R_(bb) is a —PO(OR_(x))₂.
 78. The compound of claim 76, wherein: X is -formyl; Y is (a) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with aryl, optionally substituted with —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; or (b) -aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the following: (1) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl; (2) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl; (3) -halogen; (4) -hydroxy; (5) —COR_(m), where R_(m) is an amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl; (6) —NR_(o)COR_(p), where R_(p) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with an alkoxy, and where R_(o) is a hydrogen; (7) —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r), where R_(q) is hydrogen and where R_(r) is: (i) a C₁ to C₆ alkyl; (ii) -cyclopropyl; (iii) -cyclobutyl; (iv) -cyclopentyl; (v) -cyclohexyl; or (vi) -cyclopropylmethyl; (8) —NR_(t)COOR_(u), where R_(t) is hydrogen, and where R_(u) is: (i) a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with: (a) -aryl; (b) -halogen; or (c) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle; (ii) -cyclopropyl, (iii) -cyclobutyl, (iv) -cyclopentyl, (v) -cyclohexyl, (vi) -cyclopropylmethyl, or (vii) -cyclopropylethyl, (9) —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w), where R_(v) is hydrogen and where R_(w) is (i) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl; or (ii) -mono-alkyl-amino or dialkyl-amino; (iii) —N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, (iv) —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, (v) —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, or (vi) —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino;

 where R_(z) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl; (13) —SO₂R_(aa), where R_(aa) is: (i) -amino; (ii) -mono-alkyl or dialkyl-amino; (iii) —N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, (iv) —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, (v) —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, or (vi) —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino; or (14) —NHR_(bb), where R_(bb) is a —PO(OR_(x))₂, where R_(x) is as defined above; Z is: (a) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl; (b) -cyclopropyl; (c) -cyclobutyl; (d) -cyclopentyl; (e) -cyclohexyl; (f) -cyclopropylmethyl; (g) -cyclobutylmethyl; (h) -cyclopentylmethyl; or (i) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; R is hydrogen, R₁ is: (a) -hydrogen; (b) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle; or (c)-alkoxy optionally substituted with: -one or more halogen(s); or -5 or 6 membered heterocycle; R₂ is: (a) -hydrogen; (b) -hydroxy; (c) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with one or more halogen(s); (d) -alkoxy optionally substituted with: (1) -one or more halogen(s); (2) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl; or (3) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl; (e) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; (f) -amide; (g) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl; or (h) —OR_(kk), where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl; and R₃ is hydrogen.
 79. The compound of claim 76, wherein: X is: (a) -nitro; (b) —COR_(a), where R_(a) is: (1) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, (2) -cyclopropyl, (3) -cyclobutyl, (4) -cyclopentyl, (5) -cyclohexyl, (6) -aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or a halogen, (7) -dialkyl-amino, (8) —N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, (9) —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, (10) —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, (11) —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino; (c) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl; (d) -formyl; or (e) -aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy; Y is: -aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the following: (1) -alkoxy optionally substituted with: (i) -alkoxy, (ii) -hydroxy, (iii) -one or more halogen(s), (iv) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted with: —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, or -hydroxy, (v) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, (vi) —NR_(i)SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above and R_(i) is: -hydrogen, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, -haloalkyl, or -haloalkoxy, (vii) —NR_(j)COR_(k), where R_(k) is: —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -hydrogen, or -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, and R_(j) is: -hydrogen, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, -haloalkyl, or -haloalkoxy, (viii) —N═N⁺═N⁻, or (ix) —COR_(l), where R_(l) is a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle optionally substituted with a hydroxy, (2) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, (3) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with: —NHSO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or —NR_(x)SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (4) -haloalkoxy, (5) -halogen, (6) -hydroxy, (7) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (8) —COR_(m), where R_(m) is: (i) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, where the one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with: -hydroxy, -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or -alkoxy, (ii) -3 to 7 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, wherein C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with a dialkyl-amino, —N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino, or (iii) —NHR_(n), where R_(n) is: —CH₂CONH₂, or -aryl optionally substituted with: —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -one or more halogen(s), -nitro, or -one or more alkoxy(s), (9) —NR_(O)COR_(p), where R_(p) is: (i) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with: -halogen, -alkoxy, or -aryl, (ii) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, (iii) -aryl, optionally substituted with a halogen, (iv) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, (v) hydrogen, or

 and where R_(o) is: (i) -hydrogen, (ii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl or -cyclohexyl, (iii) —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (iv) -haloalkyl, or (v) -haloalkoxy, (10) —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r), where R_(q) is: (i) -hydrogen, (ii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl or -cyclohexyl, (iii) -haloalkyl, (iv) -haloalkoxy, or (v) —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, and where R_(r) is: (i) -aryl optionally substituted with:

 —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -haloalkyl, —OR_(s), where R_(s) is aryl, or —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (ii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with one or more of the following: -halogen, -alkenyl, -aryl, or —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (iii) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (iv) -cyclopropyl, (v) -cyclobutyl, (vi) -cyclopentyl, (vii) -cyclohexyl or (viii) -cyclopropylmethyl, (11) —NR_(t)COOR_(u), where R_(u) is: (i) —C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, wherein C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with: (a) -aryl optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, or an alkoxy, (b) -alkenyl, (c) -alkoxy, (d) -alkynyl, (e) -halogen, or (f) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, (ii) aryl, optionally substituted with: -alkoxy, -halogen, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, (iii) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, (iv) -cyclopropyl, (v) -cyclobutyl, (vi) -cyclopentyl, (vii) -cyclohexyl, (viii) -cyclopropylmethyl, or (ix) -cyclopropylethyl, and R_(t) is: (i) -hydrogen, (ii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, (iii) —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (iv) -haloalkyl, or (v) -haloalkoxy, (12) —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w), where R_(v) is: (i) -hydrogen, (ii) —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or (iii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, wherein C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with: -halogen, —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, —OCOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, -hydroxy, or -alkoxy, and where R_(w) is: (i) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, wherein C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with: -halogen, -haloalkyl, -aryl, or -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, (ii) —C₂ to C₆ alkenyl, (iii) -mono-alkyl-amino or dialkyl-amino optionally substituted on alkyl with a halogen, (iv) —N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, (v) —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, (vi) —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, (vii) —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino; (viii) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or (ix) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with: —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or

 optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, where R_(y) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or hydrogen,

 where R_(z) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with aryl, (20) —SR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (21) —SO₂R_(aa), where R_(aa) is: (i) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, (ii) -amino, (iii) -mono-alkyl-amino or dialkyl-amino optionally substituted on alkyl with a hydroxy or a —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (iv) —N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, (v) —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, (vi) —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, (vii) —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino; or (viii) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, (22) -aryl, or (23) —NHR_(bb), where R_(bb) is:

 (iii) ═C(═S)NH₂, or (iv) —PO(OR_(x))₂, where R_(x) is as defined above; and Z is: (a) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; (b) -cyclopropyl; (c) -cyclobutyl; (d) -cyclopentyl; (e) -cyclohexyl; (f) -cyclopropylmethyl; (g) -cyclobutylmethyl; or (g) -cyclopentylmethyl.
 80. The compound of claim 76, wherein: X is: -5 or 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with: (1) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, (2) cyclopropyl, (3) -cyclobutyl, (4) -cyclopentyl, (5) -cyclohexyl, (6) -aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one or more halogen(s), or (7) -5 to 6 membered heteroaryl; Y is: -aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the following: (1) -alkoxy optionally substituted with: (i) -alkoxy, (ii) -hydroxy, (iii) -one or more halogen(s), (iv) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted with: —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, or -hydroxy, (v) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, (vi) —NR_(i)SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above and R_(i) is: -hydrogen, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, -haloalkyl, or -haloalkoxy, (vii) —NR_(j)COR_(k), where R_(k) is: —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -hydrogen, or -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, and R_(j) is: -hydrogen, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, -haloalkyl, or -haloalkoxy, (viii) —N═N⁺═N⁻, or (ix) —COR_(l), where R_(l) is a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle optionally substituted with a hydroxy, (2) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, (3) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with: —NHSO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or —NR_(x)SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (4) -haloalkoxy, (5) -halogen, (6) -hydroxy, (7) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (8) —COR_(m), where R_(m) is: (i) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, where the one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with: -hydroxy, -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or -alkoxy, (ii) -3 to 7 membered heterocycle, optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, wherein C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with a dialkyl-amino, —N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino, or (iii) —NHR_(n), where R_(n) is: —CH₂CONH₂, or -aryl optionally substituted with: —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -one or more halogen(s), -nitro, or -one or more alkoxy(s), (9) —NR_(o)COR_(p), where R_(p) is: (i) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with: -halogen, -alkoxy, or -aryl, (ii) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, (iii) -aryl, optionally substituted with a halogen, (iv) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, (v) hydrogen, or

 and where R_(o) is: (i) -hydrogen, (ii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl or -cyclohexyl, (iii) —COR_(x) where R_(x) is as defined above, (iv) -haloalkyl, or (v) -haloalkoxy, (10) —NR_(q)CONR_(q)R_(r), where R_(q) is: (i) -hydrogen, (ii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl or -cyclohexyl, (iii) -haloalkyl, (iv) -haloalkoxy, or (v) —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, and where R_(r) is: (i) -aryl optionally substituted with:

 —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -haloalkyl, —OR_(s), where R_(s) is aryl, or —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (ii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with one or more of the following: -halogen, -alkenyl, -aryl, or —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (iii) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (iv) -cyclopropyl, (v) -cyclobutyl, (vi) -cyclopentyl, (vii) -cyclohexyl or (viii) -cyclopropylmethyl, (11) —NR_(t)COOR_(u), where R_(u) is: (i) —C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, wherein C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with: (a) -aryl optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, or an alkoxy, (b) -alkenyl, (c) -alkoxy, (d) -alkynyl, (e) -halogen, or (f) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, (ii) aryl, optionally substituted with: -alkoxy, -halogen, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, (iii) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, (iv) -cyclopropyl, (v) -cyclobutyl, (vi) -cyclopentyl, (vii) -cyclohexyl, (viii) -cyclopropylmethyl, or (ix) -cyclopropylethyl, and R_(t) is: (i) -hydrogen, (ii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, (iii) —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (iv) -haloalkyl, or (v) -haloalkoxy, (12) —NR_(v)SO₂R_(w), where R_(v) is: (1) -hydrogen, (ii) —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or (iii) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, wherein C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with: -halogen, —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, —OCOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, -hydroxy, or -alkoxy, and where R_(w) is: (i) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, wherein C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with: -halogen, -haloalkyl, -aryl, or -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, (ii) —C₂ to C₆ alkenyl, (iii) -mono-alkyl-amino or dialkyl-amino optionally substituted on alkyl with a halogen, (iv) —N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, (v) —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, (vi) —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, (vii) —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino; (viii) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or (ix) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with: —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or

 optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, where R_(y) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or hydrogen,

 where R_(z) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with aryl, (20) —SR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (21) —SO₂R_(aa), where R_(aa) is: (i) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, (ii) -amino, (iii) -mono-alkyl-amino or dialkyl-amino optionally substituted on alkyl with a hydroxy or a —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (iv) —N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, (v) —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, (vi) —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, (vii) —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino; or (viii) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, (22) -aryl, or (23) —NHR_(bb), where R_(bb) is:

 (iii) ═C(═S)NH₂, or (iv) —PO(OR_(x))₂, where R_(x) is as defined above; and Z is: (a) -cyclopropyl; (b) -cyclobutyl; (c) -cyclopentyl; (d) -cyclohexyl; (e) -cyclopropylmethyl; (f) -cyclobutylmethyl; or (g) -cyclopentylmethyl.
 81. The compound of claim 80, wherein: Z is: (a) -cyclopropyl; (b) -cyclobutyl; (c) -cyclopentyl; or (d)-cyclohexyl.
 82. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 76 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
 83. A method for treating a viral infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of the compound of claim 76 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the subject, wherein said viral infection is a Hepatitis C viral infection.
 84. A compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof selected from the group consisting of:


85. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 84 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
 86. A method for treating a viral infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of the compound of claim 84 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the subject, wherein said viral infection is a Hepatitis C viral infection.
 87. A compound of formula I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is cyano; Y is: (a) -haloalkyl; (b) -halogen; (c) -benzofuran; (d) -benzothiophene; (e) -dibenzofuran; (f) -dibenzothiophene; (g) -benzothiazole; (h) -naphthalene; (i) -indole, optionally substituted on the nitrogen with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl;

 where R_(b) is a hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, and n is 0 or 1;

 where R_(c) is a hydrogen, a —CONHR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or an —SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above;

 where R_(d) is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl or aryl; (o) —NHCOR_(e), where R_(e) is: (1) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl; (2) -aryl optionally substituted with: (i) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, (ii) -alkoxy, (iii) -cyano, (iv) -nitro, or (v) -halogen; (p) —NHCOOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; (q) —CH₂O—R_(f), where R_(f) is aryl; (r) —NR_(g)R_(h), where R_(g) is hydrogen or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl and R_(h) is hydrogen or aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy; (s) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl; (t) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with: (1) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, wherein C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with aryl, (2) -aryl, optionally substituted with —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (3) -amino; (4) —NHCOOR_(dd), where R_(dd) is -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, (u) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle optionally substituted with: (1) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, or (2) —NHCOOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; or

 where R_(cc) is: (1) -naphthalene, (2) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl,

(4) -aryl, optionally substituted with one or more of the following: (i) -alkoxy, (ii) -hydroxy, (iii) -halogen, (iv) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with a cyano, (v) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, (vi) —NHPOR_(x)R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (vii) —NR_(ee)CONR_(ff)R_(ff), where R_(ee) is a hydrogen, a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with a halogen, and R_(ff) is: -hydrogen, -haloalkyl, -haloalkoxy, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, or —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (viii) —NR_(gg)COR_(hh), where R_(hh) is: -hydrogen, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with: -alkoxy, -halogen, or -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, where the one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s) cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with a halogen, -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, or -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, and R_(gg) is -hydrogen, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, -haloalkyl, -haloalkoxy, or —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; (ix) -haloalkyl, (x) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle, (xi) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, or (xii) —NR_(ii)SO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, and R_(ii) is: -hydrogen, —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -haloalkyl, -haloalkoxy, or —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; Z is: (a) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with: (1) -alkoxy, (2) -one or more halogen(s), or (3) -aryl; (b) —C₂ to C₆ alkenyl; (c) -aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy or one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl; (d) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above;

(f) -cyclopropylmethyl; (g) -cyclobutylmethyl; or (g) -cyclopentylmethyl; R is: (a) -hydrogen; (b) -halogen; or (c) -alkoxy; R₁ is: (a) -hydrogen; (b) -hydroxy; (c) -halogen; (d) -haloalkyl; (e) -nitro; (f) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl; (g) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle; (h)-alkoxy optionally substituted with: (1) -one or more halogen(s), (2) -aryl, or (3) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle; (i) -aryl optionally substituted with an alkoxy; (j) —COR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; (k) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with (i) a dialkyl-amino (ii) —N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, (iii) —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, (iv) —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, (v) —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino; or (vi) a 5 or 6 membered heterocycle; or R₁ joins together with R₂ to form:

R₂ is: (a) -nitro; (b) -hydrogen; (c) -halogen; (d) -hydroxy; (e) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with one or more halogen(s); (f) -amino; (g) -alkoxy optionally substituted with: (1) -one or more halogen(s), (2) —OCOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (3) -dialkyl-amino optionally substituted on alkyl with an alkoxy, (4) —N-cyclopropyl-N-alkyl-amino, (5) —N-cyclobutyl-N-alkyl-amino, (6) —N-cyclopentyl-N-alkyl-amino, (7) —N-cyclohexyl-N-alkyl-amino; (8) -5 or 6 membered heterocycle optionally substituted with a C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, (9) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, or (10) -aryl; (h) —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; (i) -haloalkyl; (j) -amide optionally substituted with: (1) -hydroxy, or (2) -aryl; (k) -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl; (l) —OCOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; (m) —NHCOR_(jj), where R_(jj) is: (1) -alkoxy, or (2) -amino optionally substituted with one or more C₁ to C₆ alkyl(s), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl; (n) —OR_(kk), where R_(kk) is a 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl; (o) —NHSO₂R_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above; or R₂ joins together with R₁ to form:

and R₃ is: (a) -hydrogen; or (b) —CH₂OCOR_(x), and R_(x) is as defined above.
 88. The compound of claim 87, wherein: Y is H; and Z is (a) -cyclopropyl; (b) -cyclobutyl; (c) -cyclopentyl; (d) -cyclohexyl; (e) -cyclopropylmethyl; (f) -cyclobutylmethyl; or (g) -cyclopentylmethyl.
 89. The compound of claim 87, wherein: Y is -5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with: (1) —C₁ to C₆ alkyl, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, or -cyclohexyl, wherein C₁ to C₆ alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl is optionally substituted with aryl, (2) -aryl, optionally substituted with —COOR_(x), where R_(x) is as defined above, (3) -amino; (4) —NHCOOR_(dd), where R_(dd) is -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl; and Z is: (a) -cyclopropyl; (b) -cyclobutyl; (c) -cyclopentyl; (d) -cyclohexyl; (e) -cyclopropylmethyl; (f) -cyclobutylmethyl; or (g) -cyclopentylmethyl.
 90. The compound of claim 89, wherein: Z is: (a) -cyclopropyl; (b) -cyclobutyl; (c) -cyclopentyl; or (d)-cyclohexyl.
 91. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 87 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
 92. A method for treating a viral infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of the compound of claim 87 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the subject, wherein said viral infection is a Hepatitis C viral infection. 